高等教育质量观的发展与高考制度变革

The Development of Higher Educational Quality Concept and the Reform of College Entrance Examination System in China

新中国成立以来,我国高等教育质量观和高考制度历经三个相互影响、共同演变的阶段。新中国成立初至恢复高考前,在政治质量观和业务质量观的冲突中,高校招生目标在选拔革命干部和技术人才之间纠葛不断,招生机制在推荐与考试之间变换更迭,录取标准在政治出身与业务水平之间反复调整;高考恢复至20世纪90年代后期,业务质量观被重新树立,并逐渐转向学术质量观,高考逐步以选拔优秀的学术人才为己任,招考方式逐渐变为统一的标准化考试,录取标准以考试成绩高低为依据;21世纪初至今,在多元质量观影响下,高考招生以测评和甄别适切性人才为目的,招考模式向着自主招生、分类考试的趋势演进,录取标准也朝考试成绩与综合素质评价相结合的方向发展。

Its higher educational quality concept and college entrance examination system have gone through three common stages of interacting and evolving together since the founding of the People＇ s Republic of China. From 1949 to 1977, political quality concept and professional one in higher education were always conflicted. Accordingly, the target of college enrollments was adjusted between the selection of revolutionary cadres and technical personnel, the way between recommendation and exam, the standard between political background and professional level. From the year of college entrance examination＇ s recovery to the late 1990s, professional quality concept was established again and then gradually turned to academic quality concept. Subsequently, college entrance examination was aimed to select outstanding academic talents, and the way of examination finally became uniform standardized tests, and the admission criterion was based on scores. In the 21st century, under the influence of the multiple-quality concept, the purpose of college enrollments is to evaluate and screen suitable personnel, and college entrance examination mechanism tends to include self-enrollments and classification exams, and the admission standard is prone to the combination of test scores and overall evaluation.