百年前大众视野中的生态思想——以《东方杂志》为中心的观察(1904—1918)

On the Public Ecological Thought of the Early 20th Century——Perspective from the Eastern Miscellany(1904-1918)

《东方杂志》是中国近代具有广泛影响的大众型期刊。从1904年创刊到"五四"前的1918年,该杂志登载的许多文章讨论进化论、人口论和各种经济社会议题,由抽象到具体构成百年前大众视野中的生态思想图景。时人围绕进化论形成极度竞争论、存者即优论、人本主义论、双重神圣论等不同观点,这些观点又影响他们对人口增长前景和其他经济社会问题的思考。一方面,时人已有把进化论置于人本主义前提下的思考趋向,甚至得出自然和人双重神圣的观点。另一方面,在特定的时代背景下,鼓励人口增长的观点盛行,园林城市理念虽已提出但受到质疑,社会主义观点被视作对马尔萨斯压力的回应而受到冷遇。

The Eastern Miscellany was an influential popular magazine in modern China. From its launching in 1914 to the year before the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, it published a series of articles on the theories of evolution, population, covering topics of a variety of economic and social issues. It presented a mosaic of popular understanding of ecological thoughts a century ago. Based on the discussion of the theory of evolution, a variety of related theories - the theory of extreme competition, the fittest is the best, humanism, the dual theory of the divine - sprung up. These views triggered further discussion on the prospect of population growth and other social and economic issues. On one hand, people put the evolutionary theory in the context of humanism and come to the conclusion that nature and human are both sacred. On the other hand, the idea of encouraging population growth became widely accepted, the idea of garden city although became known but widely suspected, and socialism was regarded as a response to the ＂Malthus deadline＂ and was given the cold shoulder,