氮肥减量与缓控肥配施对土壤供氮特征及玉米产量的影响

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization and Its Combined Application with Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Characteristics and Yield of Maize

以农民习惯施肥（单施普通尿素200kg/hm2）为对照,研究了氮肥减量10%（单施普通尿素180kg/hm2）及氮肥减量10%配施树脂包膜尿素、包膜缓释肥和有机肥对土壤供氮特征及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥减量10%单施普通尿素180kg/hm2处理较单施普通尿素200kg/hm2处理降低了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期0—60cm土层土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量;提高了氮收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生成效率及氮素吸收效率,但产量降低1.3%、氮肥利用率降低4.2%。氮肥减量10%配施树脂包膜尿素、包膜缓释肥、有机肥处理提高了拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期0—20cm土层土壤铵态氮含量,20—40cm、40—60cm土层土壤铵态氮含量较低;提高了灌浆期0—20cm土层土壤硝态氮含量;降低了成熟期0—60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量。氮肥减量10%配施处理较单施普通尿素200kg/hm2处理和氮肥减量10%单施普通尿素180kg/hm2处理氮肥利用率分别提高了9.12%-19.14%和13.32%-23.34%,产量分别提高了0.95%-6.89%和2.23%-8.25%,同时也提高了氮收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生成效率及氮素吸收效率,以氮肥减量10%配施包膜缓释肥处理效果最好,其氮肥表观损失量仅为1.18kg/hm2。

In this study,custom nitrogen fertilization（single common urea 200kg/hm2）was used as control treatment and the effects of 90% custom nitrogen fertilization（single common urea 180 kg/hm2）and combined application of 90%custom nitrogen fertilization with resin coated urea,coated slow release fertilizer and organic fertilizer on soil nitrogen characteristics and yield of maize were investigated.The results showed that compared to custom nitrogen fertilization treatment（single common urea 200 kg/hm2）,90% custom nitrogen fertilization treatment（single common urea 180kg/hm2）reduced the contents of NO-3-N and NH＋4-N of 0—60cm soil layer at jointing stage,grain filling stage and mature stage of maize,increased nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen agronomic efficiency,nitrogen generating efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency of maize,but reduced yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize by 1.3% and 4.2%,respectively.Combined application of 90%custom nitrogen fertilization with resin coated urea,coated slow release fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased NH＋4-N content of 0—20cm soil layer and reduced NH＋4-N content of20—40cm and 40—60cm soil layer at jointing stage,grain filling stage and mature stage of maize,while increased NO-3-N content of 0—20cm soil layer at grain filling stage and reduced NO-3-N content of 0—60cm soil layer at mature stage.Compared to custom nitrogen fertilization（single common urea 200kg/hm2）and 90%custom nitrogen fertilization,combined application of 90% custom nitrogen fertilization with resin coated urea,coated slow release fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased nitrogen utilization rate by 9.12% to 19.14% and 13.32% to 23.34%,respectively,and increased maize yield by 0.95%to 6.89%and 2.23%to 8.25%,respectively.Moreover,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen agronomic efficiency,nitrogen generating efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency were alsoincreased,with combined application of 90%custom nitrogen fertilization with coated slow release fertilizer showing the best effect,which led to only 1.18kg/hm2 of nitrogen apparent loss.