文化和文化实践对历史发展的决定作用——基于对马克思经济基础与上层建筑理论的再思考

Determination Role of Culture and Cultural Practices in Historical Development——Based on Reconsiderations of Marxist Theory on Economic Foundation and Superstructure

经济与上层建筑理论是马克思主义文论理论的原生点。马克思指出可用自然科学旁证的仅限于物质生产的变革,精神即文化的生产不在此例。据此,上层建筑与经济基础的认知与互动,当非精神生活与物质生活、精神生产与物质生产的概括可以简单厘定。恩格斯对经济基础和上层建筑的补充说明也显示,经济基础很难被理解为一成不变的制度结构,它毋宁说是生产关系的总和。而凡言关系,必首先涉及人和人之间的社会关系。由是观之,"生产"作为马克思社会理论的一个核心概念,就不应该仅仅定位在"基础"之中,仅仅把它看作一个物质范畴;精神生产因此也不仅仅是一种比喻,而是决定社会变革与社会发展的主要因素。没有文化就没有生产,也谈不上社会的发展。文化对于经济基础而言具有自足性,是生产活动的特定框架,也是社会关系重组和社会整合的一种基础。

Economic foundation and superstructure theory is the origin of Marxist literary theory. Marx pointed out what can be evidenced by natural science should be limited to changes in material production, so spiritual and cultural pro- duction is not included. Accordingly, the cognition and interaction of superstructure and the foundation should not be spirit- ual life and material life, and the generalization of spiritual production and material production can be defined in a simple manner. Engels＇ addition to the understanding of foundation and superstructure also shows that the economic foundation is difficult to be understood as an unchanging institution. Instead, it can be said to be the sum of production relations. When- ever relationship is mentioned, the interpersonal social relationship is the first to be considered. From this perspective, as a core concept of Marxist social theory, ＂production＂ should not be merely positioned in the ＂foundation＂, considered only in the category of material. In the same way, spiritual production is not just a metaphor, but an important factor that deter- mines social changes and social development. Without culture, there would be no production, nor social development. Culture is serf-sufficient against the economic foundation, and gives the specific framework to production activities. It is also a foundation for the restructuring of social relations and social integration.