濒危药用植物短柄乌头居群生态特性的研究

A primary study on the ecology of Aconitum brachypodum

短柄乌头为毛茛科乌头属中国特有珍稀濒危植物,该物种现仅在云南、四川有分布,且数量稀少,被IUCN列为濒危种。文章以云南西北部、东北部、四川西南部短柄乌头为研究对象,分析其居群生态特征,为短柄乌头的驯化栽培与持续利用提供科学依据。该研究采用的方法主要是通过查阅文献和比对标本,对短柄乌头分布区进行走访和实地生态因子调查。结果表明,调查研究的10个居群,云南会泽居群、巧家居群、东川居群、云龙居群和四川盐源居群属于高山草甸类,云南丽江居群、鹤庆居群、剑川居群和四川木里居群属于高山灌丛类,云南宁蒗居群是唯一一个既有高寒乔木又有高寒灌丛的居群。受光照、土壤类型、海拔高度以及温度的影响,短柄乌头仅分布于N22°51.783＇-28°21.621＇、E99°33.176＇-103°59.463＇,海拔3000-4300m的高寒草甸、高寒灌丛及高寒乔木-灌丛区;分布区年均温较低,湿度大,光照良好,土壤主要为微酸性的黄棕壤、棕壤和暗棕壤。对短柄乌头分布影响较大的因子是土壤、湿度和温度。

Aconitum brachypodum is an endangered species from the family Ranunculaceae,which only distributes in Yunnan and Sichuan Province. Previous reports showed that there were only few individuals still surviving,so it was ranked as a critically endangered species by IUCN. The relative documents and specimens were reviewed and investigation fields were determined as in Northwest-Northeast Yunnan Province and Southwest Sichuan Province of China. Interview and investigation were carried out through distribution area of Aconitum brachypodum,which are helpful for domesticated cultivation and sustainable utilization. Results showed that five populations of Yunnan Huize,Yunnan Qiaojia,Yunnan Dongchuan,Yunnan Yunlong and Sichuan Yanyuan belong to alpine meadow area,four populations of Yunnan Lijiang,Yunnan Heqing,Yunnan Jianchuan and Sichuan Muli belong to alpine shrub area,and the unique population of Yunnan Ninglang belongs to alpine Trees-shrub area. And the wild resources of A. brachypodum were limitedly distributed open area with low average annual temperature and humidity,latitude from 22°51. 783＇to 28°21. 621＇,longitude 99°33. 176＇from to 103°59. 463＇,altitude distribution mainly from 3000 ~ 4300 m in the alpine meadow,alpine shrub and alpine Trees-shrub area. And in the distribution area the soil is usually compaction and red soil or yellow-sand soil with full manure. The soil,humidity and temperature are key factors for its distribution.