试析刘濞所谓燕王“抟胡众入萧关”说——兼论汉初赵国与匈奴的关系

On Lord Liu Bi's So-called Statement of Lord Yan Assisting the Huns into Xiaoguan Pass ——Study on the Relationship between Zhao State and Huns at the Beginning of Han Dynasty

西汉初年,刘邦对于领有北边郡及边兵的诸侯王与将领,既希望他们能担负防范匈奴的重任,又猜忌他们可能因此坐大,这种矛盾的心态无疑是促使韩王信、赵相国陈豨、燕王卢绾叛入匈奴,并与匈奴连兵侵扰北边的一个主要原因。正由于朝廷与燕、赵及匈奴之间存在错综复杂的关系,因此吴王刘濞在"敬问"诸侯书中,刻意强调"燕王、赵王故与胡王有约",并为无意反汉的燕王刘嘉杜撰出"抟胡众入萧关,走长安"的进军路线,希冀通过燕、赵将匈奴卷入七国之乱中。然而,不论战国时燕还是汉初卢绾之燕,即使与匈奴连兵,也只是"往来苦上谷以东",并没有波及代地以西地区,更遑论远在今甘肃固原东北的萧关。自文帝后七年匈奴入侵上郡与云中后,汉廷缘边严密布防,应是匈奴不愿"与赵合谋入汉",卷入汉廷内乱的一个重要的因素。汉廷则汲取七国之乱的教训,诸侯国不再领有北边郡,其后诸侯国虽偶有"叛逆"与"不轨",却再无联合匈奴为害北边郡之"约"。

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Bang held a controversial attitude towards his lords and warriors. On one hand, he expected them to defend the Huns. On the other hand, he was afraid of their becoming too stronger. His suspicion encouraged the betrayal of some lords. The complicated relation between the court and the Huns was adequately expressed in Lord Liu Bi＇s article questioning the other lords and indicating their betrayal of the country. However, the so-called betrayal was not the truth. Since the seventh year of the Emperor Wen, the border was strictly on guard against the Huns. Furthermore, the court had learned a lesson from its riots and therefore, there were no so-called conspiracies with the Huns.