论明代监察御史选任的五维建构

On the Five Dimensions Construction of Investigating Censor's Selection and Appointment in the Ming Dynasty

中国古代监察制度被西方学者誉为中国历史上的第二条"万里长城",监察官员历来被称作是"风宪""耳目"和"言路"之官。身为"风纪之司"的明代监察御史品秩虽不高,但权力极重,确有"使一县之众必由于令,一郡之众必由于守,守之权归于按察,按察之权归于天子,则天下如网网之相维、臂指之相使矣"之功。正因监察御史的作用不同一般,对其选授的标准也就更加严格。明代对监察御史的选任经过历朝不断完善,形成了一套严密而独具特色的制度。

Ancient Chinese investigating censor is always named ＂the constitution of the wind＂or ＂eyes and ears＂or ＂channels for criticism and suggestion＂,and is also praised to be the second ＂Great Wall＂in Chinese history by western scholars. The investigating censor in the Ming Dynasty is regarded as ＂supervisor for conduction and discipline＂; its level is low but its power is strong. Country population obeys to ＂xian ling＂,province population obeys to ＂tai shou＂,＂tai shou＂obeys to＂investigating censor＂,and＂investigating censor＂obeys to＂the emperor＂,which constructs a net in the society and could lead every one easily. Investigating censor selection criteria is much more critical just because of its different functions. The investigating censor selection in the Ming Dynasty developed in different generations and formed a set of special and rigorous system.