2[4]转引自 R.I.Arends(1988). Learning to Teaching, Random House P. 103
3[5]D.Jonassen (1999) Designing Construetivist Learning Environ ments. in C.M.Reigeluth. Instructional Design Theories and Models(Vol. Ⅱ ).LEA Publishers,New Jersey, P.231.
4[4]Merrill,M.D.(in press).First Principles of Instruction.:Instructional Design In Reigeluth,C.M.& Carr,A.(Eds.).Instructional Design Theories and Models Ⅲ.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pub.http://cito.byuh.edu/merrill/text/papers/ReigeluthCarrFirstPrinciples.pdf.
5[5]Merrill,M.D(1997).Instructional Strategies that Teach,CBT Solutions Nov./Dec 1-11.
6[6]Merrill,M.D.(2002),A Pebble-in-the-Pond Model for Instructional Design.Performance Improvement.41 (7)39-44.
7[7]Merrill,M.D.(2001).Components of Instruction Toward a Theoretical Tool for Instructional Design,Instructional Science 29:291-310.
8[8]Merrill,M.D.(In Press).First principles of instruction:a synthesis.Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology.2.R.A.Reiser and J.V.Dempsey.Columbus:Ohio,Merrill PrenticeHall.http://cito.byuh.edu/merrill/text/papers/Reiser%20First%20Principles%20Synthesis%201 st%20Revision.pdf.
9[9]Merrill,M.D.(In Press).Hypothesized Performance on Complex Tasks as a Function of Scaled Instructional Strategies.In Elen J.& Clark R.E.(Eds.)Dealing with Complexity in Learning Environments.,Pergamon Press.http://cito.byuh.edu/merrill/text/papers/Scaled% 20Strategies.pdf.
10[10]Merrill,M.D.(In Press).Converting e sub3-learning to e 3rd power-learning:an alternative instructional design method.In Carliner S.& Shank P.(Eds.),e-Learning:Lessons Learned,Challenges Ahead(Voices from Academe and Industry).Pfeiffer/Jossey-Bass.http://cito.byuh.edu/merrill/text/papers/e3%20learning.pdf.
