孟德斯鸠的政治品德思想研究——以近代政治哲学中政治与道德关系为视角

On Montesquieu's political virtue: with the relationship between politics and morality in modern political philosophy as the perspective

在对待政治与道德关系问题上,孟德斯鸠在近代政治哲学中独树一帜,他既不同意政治与道德分离,也不主张政治与道德融合,而是提倡政治品德。政治品德以爱国家、爱法律为主要内容,它不同于个人道德抑或宗教道德,而是政治的运转所需要的道德。这一思路具有重要意义,它开阔了道德的领域,推动了现代社会性道德的发展。但在政治品德以及政治本身的道德基础问题上,孟德斯鸠的学说也面临着难以克服的理论困境。

Montesquieu is unique among modern political philosophers in treating the relationship between the politics and morality. He neither agrees to the separation of politics and morality, nor sides with their fusion, but instead advocates political virtue. The main content of political virtue is love of state and love of law, which, different from personal moralty or religious morality, means the morality necessary in the functioning of politics. This idea is important in broadening the field of morality, and promoting the development of modern social morality. His doctrine faces insurmountable theoretical difficulties on the issue of the moral foundations of the political virtue and politics.