泽国旸旱:清代至民国洞庭湖区旱灾及其社会影响

Dry lake: the drought in Dongting lake area from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China and its social influence

长期以来,洞庭湖区的旱灾不为人们所注意,几乎处于"被遮掩"的存在状态之中。然而,翻检史籍,发现清代至民国三百余年间湖区旱灾频度之高、范围之广、破坏之大皆出乎意外,并呈现出由滨湖低山、丘陵地带向湖心淤积平原逐级递减的趋势。而其频发则是这一区域以地理形态多样性与土壤性质差异性为主的生态因素与开垦过度、治理无方、规划失当与租佃关系不合理等社会因素之间相互作用的结果。湖区旱灾造成粮食的大量减产,加剧民众的生产负担,一定程度上影响湖田亩积的大小、粮食品种的选择与旱作农业区的形成,甚至严重危害着社会的稳定与民众的生存。

For a long time, the drought in Dong-ting Lake area has not been paid any attention to and has been neglected. However, studying the historical records, we can find that in over 300 years of history from Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, the drought frequency occurred in the Dong-ting lake area with unexpected damage in frequency, range and degree, and that the damage presented the trend of gradual decreasing from the low mountains, hills to the lake sediment plain. The frequent occurrence of the damage resulted from the interaction between ecological factors of diversity of geographic pattern and differences in soil properties and social factors of excessive reclamation, bad governance, the improper design and unreasonable tenancy relationship. The drought caused drastic decrease of food production, intensified public production burden, influenced to some extent the size of farming lot, the selection of food variety and the formation of dry farming area, and even greatly undermined the stability of society and people’s survival.