土官土司制的兴衰与西南历史疆域的形成——以云南为中心的考察

The Vicissitude of the Chieftain System and the Formation of the Southwestern Historical Territory——Focusing on the Study of Yunnan

元明清三代在西南地区实行的土官土司制,实现了对施治地区民族社会关系的有效整合,使中央王朝的统治在"蛮夷"地区得以深入,确保了西南边疆少数民族地区统治更为牢固。明清时期,随着边疆民族地区社会生产力水平的提高,土官土司制的腐朽,"改土归流"治策的应运而生,建立在多元基础之上的"羁縻之治"逐步被一体化的郡县制度所取代,西南疆域的格局得以最终奠定。

The chieftain system,carried out in southwestern regions during three dynasties including Yuan,Ming and Qing,achieved effective integration of the social relations among ethnic groups,which strengthened the power of the central government and the stability of the borderland of southwest.During Ming and Qing dynasties,the chieftain system decayed and the new system of local administrators were implemented along with the improvement of the living standard in minority areas,and the old policy named "Jimi Governing"which was established on the basis of diversification was replaced by the system of prefectures and counties gradually and finally,the ter-ritory pattern of southwestern China formed.