云南野生贸易真菌资源调查及研究

Resources investigation and studies on the wild commercial fungi in Yunnan

野生贸易真菌即市场上出售的野生真菌 ,云南的野生贸易真菌资源十分丰富且长期以来受到关注。但以往对于这一资源的全面调查和研究较为缺乏。本项目通过市场调查、标本采集和鉴定 ,自 1997～ 2 0 0 1年连续 4年对云南野生贸易真菌从种类、地理分布、季节变化、基于贸易量的优势度评价和经济价值 5方面进行研究。云南野生贸易真菌已知共 6 4属 2 0 7种 (含变种、变型 ) ,以担子菌中的牛肝菌属 (Boletus)、口蘑属 (Tricholoma)、鸡土从菌属(Termitomyces)、革菌属 (Thelephora)、红菇属 (Russula)、乳菇属 (Lactarius)、丛枝瑚属 (Ramaria)为主 ,表现出较高的多样性和较强的地区特有性。尽管具有人为选择的因素 ,但云南野生贸易真菌仍表现出较强的地理分布特异性 :滇南地区包含较多的热带种类 ,具有较强的热带性质 ,而滇西北则具有较强的温带高山、亚高山性质 ,滇中、滇西南等地表现出亚热带和温带的过渡特征。以上各地区既有各自的代表种类 ,又通过某些过渡类群存在一定的联系。根据各个种贸易量的相对大小即优势度将贸易真菌分为 4个等级 ,其中的优势Ⅰ级和优势Ⅱ级为主导种类。云南贸易真菌中约近 90 %的种类为食用菌 ,5 %为药用菌 ,另有约 7%为有毒种类。

Yunnan is an area rich in wild commercial fungi resources, namely, fungi sold in markets. Much attention has been paid to fungal resources in the past. However, comprehensive investigation and studies on the resources were wanting. Through investigation, collection and identification of species, the geographical distribution patterns, seasonal changes and ranking based on the trade volume and the economic value of the resources were documented continuously from 1997 to 2001. In total, 207 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 64 genera are recognized, showing high diversity and high endemicity. Among the species, those of the genera Boletus, Tricholoma, Termitomyces, Thelephora, Russula, Lactarius, and Ramaria are main commercial fungi. Despite artificial selection, commercial fungi show obvious geographical distribution patterns: southern Yunnan is rich in tropical species and northwestern Yunnan is rich in temperate alpine and subalpine species. Central and southwestern Yunnan fungal communities display subtropical and temperate characters. Each area possesses its own typical species and they are related by some transitional ones. We ranked the commercial fungi species in the order of trade volume. Those of grade I and II are the dominant species. Almost 90% of the commercial fungi are edible and about 5% are medicinal, while 7% are poisonous. The economic value of each species is also provided.