切入现实：马克思对德国早期浪漫派的批判与超越

Cutting into Reality:Marx's Critique and Transcendence of Early German Romanticism

在对马克思哲学的形成史及其思想观点的考察中,应该关注德国早期浪漫派对其思想形成的影响。马克思哲学对德国早期浪漫派的继承、批判与超越,从哲学现实观上明显体现出来。在德国早期浪漫派推崇个体性、具体性从而凸显直接现实的基础上,马克思借助科学的方法论原则致力于把握更高的本质现实,进而达到了直接现实与本质现实的统一。从本质现实的角度看,浪漫反讽对资本主义的批判是一种外在批判,只有把它提升为内在批判,才能真正把握和改进现实。针对德国早期浪漫派批评现代社会所导致的虚无主义倾向问题,马克思进一步揭示了现代虚无主义的社会经济基础。针对德国早期浪漫派强调应重视在现代化中日益边缘化的地方性、民族性的历史,马克思把它们纳入全球性视野,在一种更广阔、更根本的现实中加以审视,防止了地域主义和民族主义的极端化。在对德国早期浪漫派所提出问题的继续追思中,马克思完成了对德国早期浪漫派的批判与超越,建构了科学的哲学现实观。

In studying the historical development of Marx's philosophy and views,we should consider the influence that early German romanticism exerted on his thought.Marx's philosophy is clearly evident in his view of the philosophical reality of his inheritance,critique and transcendence of early German romanticism.On the basis of early German romanticism's valuing of individuality and particularity and consequent highlighting of immediate reality,Marx employed a scientific method to grasp a higher essential reality,thus arriving at the unity of immediate reality and essential reality.From the perspective of the latter,the critique of capitalism in romantic irony was an external critique that could truly grasp and improve reality only after it was raised to the level of an internal critique.Marx further revealed the social and economic foundations of modern nihilism in relation to the problematic nihilist tendency arising from early German romanticism's critique of modern society.While early German romanticism stressed the importance of the local and national character that was becoming increasingly marginalized in modernization,Marx included them in a global field of vision and viewed them in terms of a broader and more fundamental reality,stopping them from going to extremes.In rethinking the questions it raised,Marx completed his critique and transcendence of early German romanticism,thus constructing a rational philosophical view of reality.