红山文化包含和体现的若干文明因素

Contains and Reflect Some Civilization Factors of Hongshan Culture

文字、金属器、城市曾长期被视为文明的"三要素"。关于何为"文明",学界是有不同观点和认识的。不过,就"国家是文明社会的概括"这一点而言学界有更多认同。红山文化晚期具有"高级技术能力";农业在当时具有非常重要的地位;社会分工明显;社会分化和分层最典型的实证是牛河梁坛庙冢遗址;红山文化晚期已经出现了权力阶层和社会管理体系;红山文化时期形成了发达的祭祀礼仪或巫术仪式,这种仪式主要是为沟通天人关系、人神关系,它是后世礼制的源头而非礼制本身,三代的礼制是由原始社会的祭祀礼仪演变而来的。

Words,metal works,city had long been regarded as the ＂three elements＂ of civilization. About what is ＂civi- lization＂, academic circles have different views and understanding. However, the academic have more identify with this view- point ＂the state is a generalization of a civilized society＂. The Hongshan culture in the late has ＂senior techrrical ability＂; A- griculture has very important position at the time; Social division of labor evidence; The social differentiation and stratification is the most typical empirical Niuheliang altar temple burial site; Hongshan culture in the late has emerged power elite and social management system; Period of Hongshan culture has formed developed sacrifice etiquette or magic ceremony, the cere- mony is mainly for communication heaven-man relationship , the relationship between the people and God, it is the origin of etiquette, future generations rather than a ritual itself, the three generations of ritual evolved from primitive society sacrifice etiquette.