“新文化”与“旧传统”：匡互生关于“人格教育”的论述及其现代意义

“New Culture” and “Old Tradition”: Kuang Husheng's Interpretation of “Personality Education” and Its Significance

在中国现代思想史上,以1915年《青年》杂志创刊为标志的新文化运动,通常都被描述为一次激烈的反传统的思想运动。为了凸显或把握其"新"的思想特质,学者们通常都重点强调与描述了新文化与中国文化传统之间的异质性特征。由此带来的普遍认识是,中国的新文化和传统之间是难以调和,甚至是断裂的。然而,20世纪中国的思想文化虽以反传统为其特质,但在这一"反"的过程中,传统却并非完全处于和现代相对立的位置。在西方思想传播的过程中,部分传统思想起到了"前理解"的作用;而部分思想,则和西方思想融合在了一起,在现实社会进程中发挥着实际的影响。匡互生关于"人格教育"的论述,即典型地呈现出这样的思想特征。一方面,"人格教育"的提出带有浓厚的西方无政府主义思想影响;另一方面,在如何践行"人格教育"的思想主张时,中国传统的修身工夫,尤其是阳明的"知行合一"说,却发挥了主导的作用。从匡互生的思想个案,我们看到了现代中国文化生成的一种样态。

The New Culture Movement, marked by the initial publication of Youth Magazine in 1915, is often described as a fierce thought movement against the tradition in the history of Chinese modern thoughts. In order to highlight its special traits of ＂new＂ thoughts, the feature of heterogeneity between new culture and Chinese cultural tradition has been greatly focused by scholars. As a result, it has been generally believed that the relationship between Chinese new culture and tradition is irreconcilable, or rather, disconnected. However, Chinese culture of thoughts in the 20th century, often characterized by the anti-tradition trend, has its own way of expression during the process of opposition, that is, tradition is not always opposite to modernity. In the course of Western thoughts dissemination, part of traditional thoughts function as the ＂pre-comprehension＂, while others integrate with Western thoughts, which exerts practical influence on the social development. The interpretation of Kuang Husheng＇s ＂personality education＂ represents this idea in a true sense, which includes： （1） the personality of the student is to be reclaimed and educated by that of the teacher with a complete elimination of ＂negative＂ punishment; （2） the ultimate goal of the education is to foster the student＇s personality, ＂a complete human being with both mental and physical development＂. The former clearly reflects the strong influence of western anarchism thoughts, while in the latter sense, Chinese traditional cultivation, especially Wang Yangming＇s ＂unity of knowledge and practice＂ plays a leading role in the practice of ＂personality education＂ thoughts. From the case of Kuang Husheng＇s thoughts, the pattern of Chinese cultural generation is to be discovered.