摘要
黄淮麦区是中国冬小麦的主产区和高产区,对中国小麦生产以及国家粮食安全起着重要作用。针对中国人多、地少的基本国情,以及耕地资源非农化、耕地利用非粮化的发展现状,指出未来提高小麦总产的根本出路在于提高单产。要充分挖掘小麦高产潜力,培育高产品种是进一步提高单产的重要途径。文章根据黄淮麦区的生产条件及生态特点,分析不同时期高产品种产量结构的发展变化趋势,指出在大田条件下实现小麦高产潜力,千粒重与穗粒数并重是小麦新品种的发展方向。并从机械化生产对品种的要求出发,探讨了黄淮麦区小麦高产品种的高产空间与创育思路,提出进一步挖掘黄淮麦区小麦品种高产潜力的有效途径:(1)小麦高产潜力的实现,应重新认识和定位穗光合在产量形成中的作用,要充分挖掘和利用穗器官的光合优势,培育穗叶高光效品种。小麦穗器官除具有空间优势外,其光合特点类似于C4途径或介于C3—C4中间型,籽粒呼吸释放的CO2能被穗光合再次固定。鉴于穗光合对籽粒产量形成的较大贡献,应强化绿穗灌浆特性,发挥穗器官的光合优势,提升穗粒重。(2)提高单产水平,必须注重群体生物产量的提高。在保持现有收获指数基本不变的情况下,提高茎秆强度,实现植株高大化、密植化,能有效改善群体穗叶空间结构。通过调节生长发育节律,培育小叶、壮秆、大穗型新品种,实现小麦高生物产量。高生物产量品种还应拉开穗层,使穗层由一层增至三层,能有效提高单位面积容穗数。(3)小麦杂种优势利用已日趋成熟,有效利用杂种优势是今后挖掘高产潜力的重要途径。利用杂种优势挖掘高产潜力需同时兼顾品质性状的优化,充分考虑多个品质性状间的协调稳定。可通过多穗大穗实现高产,通过提高强势小花结实比例稳定品质,从而实现高产与优质并重发展。挖掘小麦产量潜力是一个长期的动态过程。文章旨在通过协调各种产量形成影响因素,最大限度地挖掘黄淮麦区小麦的高产潜力,为中国黄淮麦区的小麦高产育种实践提供思路和方法借鉴。
Yellow Huai River Valley Facultative Wheat Region is a major area of wheat production in China. In the present production condition, improvement of the total production of wheat depends on the increase of yield per unit area. Therefore, the cultivation of high yield varieties is very important for wheat production. In this study, according to the production conditions and ecological characteristics of Yellow Huai River Valley Facultative Winter Wheat Region, the yield potential under field conditions were analyzed, and pointed out that the two traits, i.e. 1000-grain weight and spike number, will make a greater contribution to wheat production. Furthermore, according to fitting in with the needs of mechanized production in this region, breeding strategies and yield potential of high yield varieties were discussed and pointed out three effective ways to achieve high-yield potential of wheat in future:(1) Making effective utilization of photosynthetic efficiency of spike and cultivating high efficiency varieties. Besides the space superiority, the photosynthetic pathway of spike is C4 or C3 to C4, which can fix CO2 from seed respiration again. So the photosynthetic efficiency of spike plays important roles in grain filing of wheat. Enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency of spike to breed high efficiency varieties is one of the important ways to achieve high-yield potential of wheat.(2) Improving yields of wheat must focus on increasing population biomass. Maintaining the existing harvest index unchanged, improving the spatial structure of populations and breeding new varieties with lobules, strong stalk and large spike can achieve high biomass and improve yields. In addition, high biomass varieties should present different spike layers, which can effectively increase the spike number per unit area.(3) Heterosis is another effective way to realize yield-potential of wheat. However, in the process of utilization of heterosis, both of yield and quality should be considered simultaneously, especially the coordination of different quality traits. Increasing the spike number and improving the proportion of superior florets can realize the coordination of high yield and superior quality. Achieving the yield-potential of wheat is a long-term process and this paper aims to provide ideas and methods for achieving the yield-potential and realizing maximum output in Yellow Huai River Valley Facultative Wheat Region.
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第17期3388-3393,共6页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
河南省重大科技专项(121100111400)
河南省小麦产业技术体系岗位科学家项目
关键词
小麦
黄淮麦区
高产潜力
高生物产量
高光效
wheat
Yellow & Huai River Valley Facultative Wheat Region
high-yield potential
high biological yield
high photosynthetic efficiency