中麦175高产高效广适特性解析与育种方法思考

Characterization of Wheat Cultivar Zhongmai 175 with High Yielding Potential, High Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency, and Broad Adaptability

解析中麦175的高产潜力、水肥高效特性、优良品质及广泛适应性机理将为培育突破性新品种提供理论指导和实用信息。(1)中麦175穗数容易达到750个/m2,收获指数高达0.49,穗数多和收获指数高为实现高产潜力奠定基础;矮秆及茎秆弹性好与株型紧凑、叶片小且直立为穗多、不倒伏提供保障。(2)千粒重与株高对水分反应敏感性低,灌浆中后期叶片衰老速度慢,灌浆速度快,这是其水分利用效率高和在旱肥地表现突出的主要原因;中麦175产量的水分敏感指数为0.86,而京冬8号为1.13。(3)氮肥吸收和利用效率皆高,穗粒数和千粒重对肥料敏感性低,为肥料高效利用奠定基础;在6种不同施氮水平下,中麦175的产量均高于京冬17,氮肥施用量对穗粒数和千粒重影响小。良好的根系为肥水高效利用提供保障。(4)籽粒软质,面筋强度中等偏弱、延展性好,面粉颜色亮白,为面条和馒头兼用型品质奠定基础;锌高效吸收运转使籽粒锌含量高,具备较高营养价值。(5)含有光周期不敏感基因Ppd-D1b、肥水高效、抗寒、耐高温和抗病性等为中麦175的广适性和跨区域种植提供保障。本研究为高产高效广适性新品种培育提供了重要经验和理论支撑。

Documentation of leading cultivars will provide crucially important information for cultivar development. The objective of this study is to characterize high yield potential, water and fertilizer use efficiency, excellent quality and broad adaptation in wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175. High yield potential was largely due to the increased spike number and high harvest index, while short（around 80 cm） and erect plant type with small leaves contributed to its outstanding lodging resistance. Spike number could easily reach 750/m^2, 20%-25% increase in comparison with check cultivar Jingdong 8, while harvest index was 0.49. Insensitivity of plant height and thousand kernel weight to water stress, due to slow leaf senescence and fast grain filling rate, made it high water use efficiency and better performance under rainfed condition. Water sensitive index for yield in Zhongmai 175 was 0.86, while that of Jingdong 8 was 1.13. Nutrient intake and use efficiency contributed to insensitivity of kernel number per spike and thousand kernel weight, and thus better performance under different fertilizer applications. Zhongmai 175 outyielded Jingdong 17 at six different nitrogen levels. It was characterized with soft kernel, weak dough strength and excellent extensibility, and bright flour color, thus conferred excellent dual qualities for Chinese noodles and steamed bread. High Zn content was due to its efficiency in Zn intake and transportation, thus excellent nutritional quality. Presence of Ppd-D1 b, water and fertilizer use efficiency, tolerance to cold in winter and high temperature during grain filling stage, and resistance to yellow rust, provided basis for its broad adaptation in three wheat ecological zones. This study will provide very important information and experience for developing new cultivars with high yield potential and broad adaptability.