小麦条锈菌致病性及其变异研究进展

Advances in Research of Pathogenicity and Virulence Variation of the Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

小麦条锈病(wheat stripe rust or yellow rust)是一种气传性的低温真菌病害,在所有小麦产区均可暴发流行,造成巨大的产量和经济损失,严重威胁着小麦的安全生产。其病原条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis West.f.sp.tritici Eriks.&Henn.,Pst)为严格专性寄生真菌,致病性变异频繁,常造成小麦品种抗条锈性"丧失",引发病害大流行。因而,从20世纪50年代起,条锈菌致病性变异的研究一直备受关注,并已开展了大量的研究工作。本文从小麦品种抗病性丧失、条锈菌致病性变异途径、条锈菌群体遗传、条锈菌基因组和功能基因组以及条锈菌效应蛋白等不同方面概述了近年来取得的重要研究进展,提出了未来条锈病防治上面临的问题和挑战;以期通过准确预测条锈菌优势小种、合理利用和布局抗病基因、利用新策略创制新型持久广谱抗病材料,不断优化和完善小麦条锈病综合治理技术体系,实现小麦条锈病可持续控制。

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn.（Pst）, is an air-borne cryogenic fungal disease, which causes serious yield and economic losses and severely threatens the security of wheat production worldwide due to its wide transmission and high frequent epidemics. As an obligate parasitic pathogen, the rapid virulence variation of Pst leads to resistance breakdown of the existing resistant wheat cultivars, which then leads to the constant epidemic of the disease. Thus, the study on virulence variation mechanism of Pst has been paid much attention since 1950 s. Until now, great efforts have been made and significant progress has been achieved. The progress in research of the disease made in recent years and the relationship between resistance breakdown of wheat cultivar and virulence variation, the variation ways of Pst pathogenicity, genetic structure analyses of Pst population and the molecular mechanism underlying the rapid virulence variation of Pst were summarized. Based on this review, the issues and challenges were put forward to accurately predict main predominant races, rationally use and distribute the resistance genes, and to create the new kind of disease-resistance materials through novel strategies, which will optimize and improve the comprehensive management system for wheat stripe rust, and help to realize the sustainable control of wheat stripe rust.