摘要
论文回顾了1840年以来植物营养与肥料科学的重大成就和有影响的事件,并针对目前有歧义的问题进行了详细论述。在植物营养生理与生物学方面对植物营养必需元素、营养元素的吸收与转运、营养元素的转移与再利用、菌根在植物营养中的作用、植物营养与植物抗病性,化学诊断中的植物有效养分提取、养分测定和目前进行的光谱诊断等进行了回顾。论述了施肥模型、精准施肥技术和灌溉施肥技术的发展。分析了施肥模型中养分分级模型、肥料效应函数模型、养分平衡模型和DRIS方法。综述了施肥对温室气体排放和环境的影响等。介绍了目前主流的肥料品种和国际上的主要肥料资源。论文还对未来植物营养与肥料科学发展进行了展望,指出提高肥料利用率是解决肥料问题的关键;解决蔬菜施肥过量需要理论与技术的支撑;养分高效基因的开发与利用需要在正常养分条件下进行;施肥新技术是提高肥效的重要措施;同时还需要立足当前可用肥料资源发展肥料产业。植物营养与肥料学科的发展与人们所面临的人口、资源和环境息息相关,肥料的施用既是保证食物安全的需要,同时也给环境造成了巨大的压力。使用最少肥料,获得最多的食物是今后植物营养与肥料学科努力的方向。
This article reviewed the major achievements and influential events in plant nutrition and fertilizer since 1840. In plant nutrition physiology and biology fields, the essential plant nutrition elements, the process of nutrient absorption and translocation, the nutrient transfer and re-utilization, the role of mycorrhizal in plant nutrition, and plant nutrition and disease resistance were reviewed. In nutrition diagnosis field, available nutrient elements extraction and determination in chemical diagnosis, and spectrum diagnosis were reviewed. In the fertilization technology field, the fertilization models including nutrient classification model, fertilizer effecting function model, nutrients balance model and DRIS method were reviewed. The article also described the development of precision fertilization and irrigation technology. The pollutions caused by fertilization, including greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater pollution and surface water pollution were summarized. This article also introduced current main fertilizer products and fertilizer resources worldwide. In this article, it was pointed out that first, the key to solve fertilizer related problems is to improve fertilizer use efficiency. Secondly, to solve the problem of excessive fertilization on vegetables, new and improved theory and technology on vegetable fertilization are needed. Thirdly, the selection of nutrient efficiency gene should have to be taken place at common nutrient conditions in field. Fourthly, new fertilization technology is an important step to improve the fertilizer efficiency. Lastly, fertilizer industry development needs to be based on currently available fertilizer resources. The development of plant nutrition and fertilizer science is closely related to the population, resources and environmental problems that the people are facing. Fertilizer secures food security, but at the same time causes tremendous pressure to the environment. "Get more food with scientific use of fertilizer" is the direction of plant nutrition and fertilizer research in the future.
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第17期3477-3492,共16页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家科技支撑计划(2015BAB23B02)
关键词
植物营养
肥料
植物营养生理
营养诊断
施肥技术
plant nutrition
fertilizer
plant nutrition physiology
nutrition diagnosis
fertilization technology