美国总统的立法否决权及其新现象和对我国的启示

On the Presidential Legislative Veto of the United States and its Inspiration for China

美国总统的立法否决权可详分为六种类型。总统可对整部法案进行否决,一度也可对法案的"部分条款"进行否决。但"部分条款"否决权遭到国会反对,诉诸法院后被裁定违宪,这导致出现"总统的签署声明"这一新现象。美国总统的立法否决权不同于英国议会的立法否决权,"口袋否决"不得混淆于中国刑法的"口袋罪"。立法否决权的成因主要有思想理念上的分权制衡、制度运行上的质变担忧和为总统执法提供前提条件等。对我国的启示有:不但要加强立法的反复审议性,还要健全立法批准制度,上级立法机关不得只批准部分条款而不批准其他条款,也不得直接改变部分条款后再批准。

Presidential legislative veto of the United States could be divided into 6 categories. President has an authority to veto the whole bill and once vetoed only parts of the Bill, and the latter was boycotted by the Congress. President＇s line-item veto power is unconstitutional in Clinton v. City of New York （1998） and this induced Presidential Signing Statement from then on. Legislative veto power of the president of the United States is different from that of Britain Parliament and pocket veto is different from pocket crimes of China. The reasons of presidential veto power include ideas of separation of powers and checks, worrying about being changed from designing point while system running and providing bases for the presidential execution of laws, etc. China should boost multiple considerations of bills, should not confirm only parts of bills and should not change bills directly when upper legislature signs bills from under legislatures.