也谈古汉语变读系统中的动名转类机制——兼及“君君臣臣”不变读的原因

On the Mechanism of Verb-Noun Conversion in Ancient Chinese Pronunciation Variation System: Also Causes of Non-variation in the Pronunciation of Jun Jun Chen Chen(君君臣臣)

动名变读以非去-去为主,其中动-名型变读盖由既事范畴引申而来,故对结果格外关注,进而兼及受事。在"施事-动作-工具-结果 /受事"这个认知框架内,人的主观注意力由结果 /受事渐次推至工具、施事,故各类语义角色的转喻频率表现为结果 /受事>工具>施事。这跟认知的凸显原则不一致。而是语法形态、主观注意力、客体凸显度等协同作用的结果。名-动型变读中,动词记录跟名词实体密切相关的特定及物性动作,实体在事件中充当的语义角色有工具>受事>施事等,这一排序同样跟认知的凸显原则不一致,需从认知处理的角度阐释。古汉语变读系统中没有结果转喻事件的用例,这跟古汉语的语法范畴密切相关。另外动名变读亦涉及清-浊交替,其浊声母一读倾向于表状态。

The majority of pronunciation variation in verb-noun inter-conversion is turning non-Qu into Qu tone. The variant pronunciation in verb-noun conversion is derived from perfective aspect, so it focuses more on result, and in turn on the patient. In the cognitive frame of 'Agent-Action-Instrument-Result/Patient', the attention of humans moves from Result/Patient to Instrument, Agent, so the frequency of metonymy of these semantic roles are in the similar order: Result/ Patient > Instrument > Agent. This order is inconsistent with the profiling principle of cognition. It is the result of coordination among grammatical morphemes, subjective attention, objective salience. In the pronunciation variation of verb-noun conversion, the derived verb denotes the particular action related to the nominal entity, which plays the roles of Instrument > Patient > Agent. This order is also incongruent with the profiling principle of cognition, and needs an interpretation of cognitive processing. In the pronunciation variation system of ancient Chinese, the non-existence of Result-for-Event metonymy, is probably related to the grammatical category of ancient Chinese. Also, in the verb-noun pronunciation variation, there is an alternation of voiced-voiceless, among which the voiced tends to denote states.