地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用

Ground-dwelling ants as bioindicators during 30-year vegetation restoration in a savanna area,Yunnan

为了查清地表蚂蚁在萨王纳地区人工植被恢复过程中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了云南省萨王纳地区人工林和自然植被地表蚂蚁多样性。(1)群落物种组成:采集蚂蚁40467头,隶属于5亚科19属47种。扁平虹臭蚁Iridomyrmes anceps是保护较好自然植被的常见种;而迈氏小家蚁Monomorium mayri是干扰较大的自然植被及多数人工林的常见种。(2)多度和α多样性:在人工林中,印楝林地表蚂蚁群落多度和α多样性最高,桉树林次之,新银合欢林最低。(3)群落相似性及β多样性:印楝林地表蚂蚁群落与自然植被灌草丛较接近,而其它人工林蚂蚁物种组成不相似;新银合欢林β多样性最高,βCs值在0.481—0.935;印楝林较低,βCs值在0.200—0.478。(4)相关性分析:地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度S值及ACE值和草本植物群落S值及ACE值均正相关。印楝林和桉树林具有较高的α多样性,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义;而新银合欢林是生境极度退化区域的重要植被恢复模式之一,这3种人工林对于萨王纳地区植被恢复具有重要作用。蚂蚁群落α多样性能够作为生物多样性的指示物,指示云南萨王纳地区植被恢复中生物多样性的状况。

Savanna is a type of vegetation influenced by dry and hot climate. Savanna vegetation in Yunnan is distributed in arid and semi-arid valleys of the Hengduan Mountains area, which has an extraordinarily fragile eco-environment. Many artificial forests were planted in these areas in order to restore the vegetation. However, there are few studies on biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. Ant communities are considered useful indicators of the ehanging environment and have been used successfully in the evaluation of ecological environments around the world. In order to reveal the bioindieator role of ground-dwelling ants in the savanna of Yunnan, exploring the importance of artificial forests in biodiversity conservation. We investigated the ground-dwelling ants by pitfall traps in plantations and natural vegetation within savanna area, Yunnan, China in 2005 and 2011. The main results were as follows： （1） Ant community composition： 40467 individual ants were collected, representing 5 sub-families, 19 genera, and 47 species. Iridomyrrnes anceps was the most common species in well-protected natural vegetation, while Monomorium mayri was the most common one in disturbed natural vegetation and most plantations. （2） Ant abundance and α-diversity： there were no significant differences between the shrub grassland and secondary forest of natural vegetation Among all vegetation, Azadirachta indica had the greatest abundance of ants and α-diversity, which was close to that of natural vegetation, followed by Eucalyptus spp., and Leucaena leucocephala ranked the lowest. Among all afforestation models, the Azadirachta indica-Acacia mangium plantation had the most a-diversity. Ant abundance was greatest in the Azadirachta indica plantation, and the Eucalyptus spp. plantation was the lowest on both indexes. （3） Community similarity and β-diversity： Only the ant community composition in the Azadirachta indica plantation was similar to that in widely distributed scrub grassland. However,β-diversity in the Leucaena leucocephala plantation was the highest ; its βCs value ranged from 0.481 to 0.935 ; the Azadirachta indica plantation had the lowest diversity, with βCs values ranging from 0.200 to 0.478. （4） Relationship analysis： Both ant species richness and its the ACE value had a significant positive relationship with herb species richness and its ACE value. In total, the most abundant ant species in the ant community in the Yunnan savanna were from Myrmicinae and Camponotus compared with other families and genera, which was similar to that of other savannas in the world. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus spp. plantations had a high level of a-diversity that was close to that of the natural forest, which has a positive role in local biodiversity protection. Even with a relative lower α-diversity, the Leucaena leucocephala plantation was a good inhibiting desertification model in an area of extreme degradation with higher β-diversity. All of the artificial forests played an important role in restoring ecological environment in savanna areas. We conclude that the α-diversity in ant communities could be a good indicator of biodiversity, which can reflect the biodiversity situation areas. In order to improve the ecological consequences of artificial forests, more restoration models with mixed tree species and plantation modification. during vegetation restoration in savanna research is needed on the effects of