情绪背景对面部表情识别的影响及其作用机制

Influence of Emotional Context on Facial Expression Recognition and the Underlying Mechanism

正确识别面部表情对成功的社会交往有重要意义。面部表情识别受到情绪背景的影响。本文首先介绍了情绪背景对面部表情识别的增强作用,主要表现为视觉通道的情绪一致性效应和跨通道情绪整合效应;然后介绍了情绪背景对面部表情识别的阻碍作用,主要表现为情绪冲突效应和语义阻碍效应;接着介绍了情绪背景对中性和歧义面孔识别的影响,主要表现为背景的情绪诱发效应和阈下情绪启动效应;最后对现有研究进行了总结分析,提出了未来研究的建议。

Facial expressions are a basic form of emotional communication. Correctly recognizing other＇ facial expressions plays a crucial role in social interaction. However, facial expressions usually do not appear in isolation but are often embedded in some emotion-loaded situations. That means, efficient emotion perception from a face cannot rely on facial expressions alone, but can be affected by the contexts. The purpose of this article was to review the studies addressing the contextual influences on the recognition of emotional facial expressions. There are two different types of promotion effect of emotional contexts on facial expression recognition： （1） the emotion-congruent effect in visual modal. When a facial expression appeared in a visual context, the emotional context will facilitate the recognition of the facial expression with the congruent emotional valence. This effect was demonstrated by decreased response time and increased accuracy at behavioral level, and increased amplitude of N170 and increased activation in left fusiform gyrus at neural level; （2） the integration effect of cross-modal emotional information. Studies found that context from other modals such as auditory and olfactory context could also facilitate the recognition of facial expressions. The inhibition effect of emotional contexts on facial expression recognition consists of two aspects： （1） the emotional conflict effect, which appears when the emotional valence of the target face was incongruent with the distraetor context. Studies concerning emotional conflict mainly adopted word-face Stroop and emotional Flanker paradigms. Moreover, the emotional conflict effect could also be induced by cross-modal emotional distractor （e.g., laughing at a fearful face）. Neural studies showed that the emotional conflict effect was associated with increased amplitude of the N400 component and a neural network （i.e., amygdala, dorsomedial/dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus and dorsal anterior cingulate for conflict monitoring and rostral anterior cingulate for conflict resolution）; （2） the semantic interference effect. This effect was mainly explored by the semantic satiation paradigm, i.e., when a word representing a certain emotional category （e.g., ＂anger＂） was satiated and become semantically inaccessible, the processing to the associated emotional facial expressions （e.g., angry faces） would be interfered. The mechanisms underlying the influential effect of emotional context on neutral and ambiguous faces include： （1） inductive effect of emotional context. Studies showed that, emotional context could bias the neutral faces to certain affective tone congruent with the context. While for ambiguous faces, the emotional context could disambiguate them to show processing features similar with the emotion of the context; （2） subliminal affeetive priming effect. Studies showed that briefly presented emotional context could also affect the recognition of neutral or ambiguous facial expressions. Finally, the article summarized the different mechanisms in the existing literature： （1） the promotion effect of emotional context on emotional facial expressions, and the inductive effect of emotional context on neutral and ambiguous facial expressions could be generalized by emotion- congruent effect; （2） the inhibition effect of emotional context on emotional facial expression recognition includes two dimensions： the emotional dimension （i.e., the emotional conflict effect） and the conceptual dimension （i.e., the conceptual interference effect）. Furthermore, some suggestions for future studies were proposed. Firstly, future studies should investigate the influence of multi-modal emotional context on facial expression recognition. Secondly, future studies should extend to explore the social emotions （e.g., puzzled） and self-conscious emotions （e.g., self-abased）. Thirdly, future studies should explore the preferred judgment of facial expressions in emotional contexts, other than the categorization of emotion.