试论康德心理学思想及其对当代的影响

On the Psychological Thoughts of Kant and Its Contemporary Influence

在康德著作中蕴含着丰富的二重矛盾性心理学思想资源,其在继承沃尔夫理性心理学与经验心理学二分的基础上,通过批评理性心理学,消解了我思的主体地位;通过批评经验心理学,指出了心理学在成长为一门科学过程中必须面对的诸多问题。新康德主义在继承、改造康德思想的过程中,发展出一系列影响深远的心理学理论;认知心理学的重要代表人物皮亚杰基于对康德思想的独特把握,提出了发生认识论;而当代认知科学的图式理论,则完全可以说是建立在对康德经验图式理论框架的全面继承上。研究康德思想对科学心理学诞生的影响及当代心理学在体系建构上的诸多困难挑战,无疑具有重要的学术借鉴意义。

Kant＇s work includes abundant psychological thoughts, but these thoughts are not enough to constitute a subject that possesses its own significance. Only when analyzing them in the system of transcendental philosophy will it be possible to manifest their significance. Kant inherits the separation of rational psychology and empirical psychology from Wolff, but his unique critical studies have the power of solving the problem of dualism, enabling the acquisition of knowledge, and defending the morality and dignity of human beings. Through the refutation of paralogisms which traps our reasoning, Kant encloses rational psychology in the dust of history, so that people no longer need to seek knowledge merely from the concept of ＂cogito＂. Then Kant eliminates the opposition between ＂cogito＂ and the empirical world in the level of substance, releasing psychology from the shackles of theology and metaphysics, and enabling it to develop in the direction of natural science. By explaining that empirical psychology is unable to become a subject that has its own meaning, Kant makes a feasible demonstration for morality and perpetual peace in the field of empirical psychology. Thus, with his introspection and speculation, Kant vests the empirical subject with a clear significant direction and a serious social concem. In the past, many psychological historians used to criticize the speculative method in which Kant adopted in his studies, as well as his negative conclusion drawn from the speculations that psychology would never be a kind of experimental science like physics. However, if we notice that the controversy that followed Kant gestated abundant psychology schools, we might then query the criticism mentioned above, and treasure his psychological thoughts in a sympathetic way. The influence of Kant＇s psychological thoughts is broad and profotmd. His concepts, such as category and scheme, still remain important and active in the research of contemporary cognitive psychology. Neo-Kantianism has developed a series of influential psychological theories during the process of inheriting and transforming the thoughts of Kant. Piaget puts forward the theory of genetic epistemology, which is based on his unique understanding of Kant＇s theoretical framework. Since Piaget transformed Kant＇s transcendental philosophy with the view of genetics, an increasing number of researchers have been attempting to undertake systematical research on schema with a standpoint of the modem cognitive psychology. Nevertheless, if we are aware that the studies on schema aim at explaining the general mental process of recognizing specific objects, it would be possible for us to discover that the scheme theory of modern cognitive psychology is completely based on the inheritance of Kant＇s empirical scheme theory.