旅游剥夺:边缘地旅游旺丁不旺财的学理解析

Tourism Deprivation:A Theory on the Phenomenon of“Sufficient Tourists but Limited Profits”of Peripheral Tourism

边缘地旅游旺丁不旺财凸显,需要分析其内在根源以破解此困境。从区域剥夺视角研究核心地与边缘地之间的旅游活动,发现二者之间存在旅游剥夺。文章以珠三角边缘地肇庆为案例,分析了旅游剥夺的表象及其形成条件与机制。旅游剥夺使边缘地肇庆旅游业出现产业链分裂、经济效果不佳、带动作用不强的现象;核心-边缘空间关系为基础形成密切社会经济联系是区域之间发生旅游剥夺的主要条件;公共产品属性、政府行为、旅游者行为是旅游剥夺形成的主要机制。

Areas peripheral to major tourist attractions are large and generally underdeveloped, and this poses an obstacle for developing the local tourism industry. Peripheral tourism has thus encountered the problem of having sufficient tourists but limited profits. This requires a new theory to explain it. This paper proposes the theory of ＇tourism deprivation＇, which involves tourism activity in core tourism areas and their periphery. Tourism deprivation is described as the primary cause of poor economic contributions of peripheral tourism. This theory is then used to analyze the tourism industry in Zhaoqing, located on the periphery of the Pearl River Delta. The consequences, formative conditions and formation mechanism of tourism deprivation, are subsequently explained. Because of tourism deprivation, the development of the tourism industry in Zhaoqing is uncoordinated and the complementary industries cannot develop alongside it. In other words, while one sub-industry increases, another declines, and this is particular true in the hotel and sightseeing industries in Zhaoqing. This inharmonious phenomenon interrupts the tourism industrial chain. Using revenue per tourist as an indicator, the economic output of peripheral tourism of Zhaoqing is far lower than that of central Guangzhou, and even lower than that of the adjacent Yunfu whose tourism is even less developed than that of Zhaoqing. Zhaoqing is thus an area of low economic output. At the same time, the status of Zhaoqing＇ s tourism industry has become weaker in the regional economy. The contribution of the tourism industry to the regional economy has decreased, and consequently weakened other industries. The output rate dropped threefold from 2007 to 2012, and the rate of driving effect has more than halved. This declining trend is inconsistent with the status of the tourism industry as a pillar industry. Under the core-periphery spatial relationship, Zhaoqing, Guangzhou and other regions form a tight social and economic connection. These connections were formed on the basis of their geographical locations in the Pearl River Delta region. The Guanghu Culture, for example, consists of a closely similar set of cultural practices, religious beliefs, language and customs. The integration of the Pearl River Delta is being vigorously promoted. Traffic integration is the first step of the regional economic integration of the Pearl River Delta as a whole. Thus, close social and economic relations are formed between Zhaoqing and other cities in the Pearl River Delta. This contact is beneficial to the development of tourism activities between Zhaoqing and the others. There are some differences between Zhaoqing and the others in terms of factors such as environment and landscape. However, these differences are complementary. The cities are bound together through their complementary differences, leading to frequent interaction. Their relations change rapidly, but their main relations are based on regional inequality, which are the main conditions of tourism deprivation. The nature of tourism as based on public-use products, government behavior, and tourists＇ behavior is the main formative mechanism of tourism deprivation. The public products provided by the peripheral government and used by residents from the center thus transfer government revenue from the peripheral areas to the center. Governments are enthusiastic to provide public goods and services, and therefore strengthen the above transfer mechanism. At the same time, regional cooperation and regional planning pursued by government strengthen the function of peripheral areas＇ provision of public products, and this also strengthen the above mentioned mechanism. The activities of tourists from the center are short- term oriented; the tourists tend to prefer the public products of the periphery, which are available at a lower cost. The consumption of tourism by the center is limited to the peripheral. These conclusions offer new understanding of the disadvantages faced by peripheral tourism. They can help policymakers to draft rational plans for developing the tourism industry, avoid disadvantages and correct deviations.