晚清西藏卫生事业考证——以张荫棠查办藏事时期为例

Impact of Modern Medicine on Medical and Health Services in Tibet——During the Administration of Zhang Yintang for example

英国发动第二次侵藏战争后,加剧了西藏的民族危机,也在客观上加速了西藏的近代化进程。张荫棠在奉旨与英国交涉后开始查办藏事,在西藏实施了一系列的近代化改革。本文以张荫棠筹藏奏牍为考察核心,通过从早期西医入藏、清驻藏官员与英国传教士关于传染病和种痘的看法、对西藏近代医疗制度和机构设立的尝试、对西藏习俗改革的尝试以及公共卫生意识的提倡等方面进行考察,认为在这一过程中,西方近代卫生观念使西藏社会对疾病有了不同的认识,尤其是对传染病及其防治产生了不同看法并引发了观念的改变,西藏的医疗卫生事业受到了西医的影响。张荫棠也开始尝试在西藏发展西医教育,培养西医人才,建立近代医疗机构,从而促进了西藏的近代公共卫生事业的发展。

The second war of invasion to Tibet launched by the United Kingdom exacerbated the crisis in Tibet,but objectively accelerated the modernization of Tibet. After negotiation with the United Kingdom,Zhang Yintang began to deal with Tibetan affairs and implemented a series of modernization reforms in Tibet. This paper investigates the administration advices by Zhang Yintang,and explores the entry of western medicine into Tibet in the early days,views on infectious diseases and vaccination held by officials assigned to Tibet in the Qing Dynasty and United Kingdom missionaries,the attempts to establish modern medical system and institutions in Tibet,the attempts to reform Tibetan custom and the advocating of public health awareness. The exploration reveals that modern Western concept about health brought changes to Tibetan society in its attitude to diseases, especially in the attitude to infectious diseases and the prevention and treatment. Zhang Yintang also started to develop western medical education in Tibet and train western medicine talents,establish modern medical institutions,thus contributing to the development of public health in modern Tibet. This study has enriched the study of the modern history of Tibet from the perspective of medical history.