从危险概念看不能犯的判断

The Judgment of Impossibility of Crime from the Perspective of Risk

不能犯是指因欠缺行为的危险而不具有可罚性的未遂行为,因此如何认识和把握危险概念是不能犯判断的核心问题。德国《刑法》第23条第3款的规定是导致其理论上以印象说作为未遂犯处罚根据的通行观点,亦是实务中对不能犯未遂的可罚性持肯定态度的主要原因,但客观未遂论取代印象理论已成为德国未遂犯理论发展的主要趋势。危险的本质是结果发生的客观盖然性,危险的判断涉及的是结果发生的盖然性而非确定性,客观危险理论为危险的事后判断立场提供了方法论上的支持。具体危险说在危险判断上契合了二元不法论的理论诉求,但在危险判断的具体规则上存在重大缺陷。对具体危险的判断应当从更为客观的角度加以限定。具体危险即抽象危险的现实化,对具体危险的判断,主要就是从一般人的角度对抽象危险现实化的条件是否可能存在而展开的评价性判断。具体危险的判断应当限定为着手以后的阶段,而不包括预备阶段。

All the issues of impossibility of crime could come down to how to grasp the concept of risk. The third paragraph of article twenty - third in Germany criminal led the impression theory as prevailing view of at- tempted offense punishment foundation, it is also the main reason that the practice adopt positive attitude to- wards to impossibility of crime＇ s penalty. But the doctrine of objective attempt replace the impression theory has become the main trend of the development of attempted crime theory in Germany. The essence of risk is the re- sult occurrence＇ s objective probability. Risk judgment relates to the result occurrence＇ s objective probability but not the determinism. Objective risk theory could provides methodological supports for judging risk by hind- sight position. The concrete risk theory is consistentwith the illegal dualism theory＇ s requirements, but its method of judging risk exists defects. The judgment of concrete risk should be limited in a more objective per- spective. Concrete risk is the reality of abstract risk, and its judgment is of a evaluative judgment that whether the abstract dangerous reality conditions may exist standby the view of ordinary people. The concrete risk judg- ment should be limited to the stage after initiating and not including the preparatory stage.