村庄视角的扶贫项目目标偏离与“内卷化”分析

Analysis of “Involution” to Poverty Alleviation Project Target Deviation from Perspective of Village

进入21世纪以来,以村庄为基本单位的扶贫工作使得其与乡村治理发生了密切的关联,村庄视角下微观层次的扶贫工作分析不仅关注扶贫工作的内容与机制,更看重扶贫工作所要对接的乡村社会的变迁。村庄内的社会关系结构、权力结构、社会分化和信息传递、精英俘获、村干部自利性的需求、集体行动的缺乏等都成为扶贫工作目标发生偏离的重要原因。扶贫项目目标偏离带来的结果是扶贫工作的内卷化,扶贫工作的内卷化不仅影响扶贫项目的公益性和合法性,也会导致贫困者对政府信任度的降低,更可能会导致贫富差距的变大以及社会不平等结构的再产生。而要扭转这种不良的局面,不仅需要我们变革扶贫工作的宏观结构,消除不利于贫困者的门槛和制度,同时也要更多关注扶贫与乡土社会的互动,将乡土社会的特征、农民分化的客观现实、贫困者心理的脆弱和集体行动的培育纳入扶贫研究工作。

since entering the new century, the poverty alleviation work taking village as the basic unit has been closely related to the rural governance. The poverty alleviation analysis of the micro level of the village has not only focused on the contents and mechanisms of poverty alleviation work, but also on the changes of rural society. In a village, the social relationship structure, power structure, social differentiation and information transmission, elite capture, the self--interest needs of village cadres and lack of collective action have become important reasons of poverty alleviation work target deviation. Poverty alleviation project target deviation will result in the poverty alleviation work involution, and poverty alleviation involution not only affects the public welfare and legitimacy of poverty alleviation projects, but also leads to the decrease of the poor＇ s confidence to the government, the more likely will lead to the growing gap between the rich and the poor and reproduce of social inequality structure. To reverse this situation, we need not only to change the macro structure of the work, to eliminate the threshold and the system not conducive to the poor, but also to pay more attention to the interaction between the poor alleviation and the local community, to the characteristics of the local community, to the objective reality of the differentiation of farmers, and to the psychological vulnerability of the poor, and to the cultivation of collective action.