云岭牛改良普洱黄牛的效果研究

Effects on Yunling Cattle Cross Puer Yellow Cattle

[目的]在云岭牛选育的同时,为进一步了解云岭牛在不同地区的适应性和生产性能,加大云岭牛的杂交应用范围,进行中试与推广。[方法]云岭牛种公牛（或冻精）与普洱本地黄牛杂交,产生杂交F1代,进行生产性能、屠宰性能等测定和比较。[结果]云岭牛及杂交F1代在普洱地区的产犊率、成活率、繁殖成活率较高,分别在86.42%、98.28%和84.93%以上,与普洱本地黄牛接近（P〉0.05）,适应性强。云岭牛初生重较普洱本地黄牛的16.92±4.57kg提高78.31%,而YL·Y（云岭牛×普洱本地黄牛）F1比普洱本地黄牛提高41.67%（P〈0.01）;6、12、18、24和36月龄体重也呈同样的优势,差异显著（P〈0.01）。云岭牛6月龄断奶重较普洱本地黄牛提高71.29%（P〈0.01）,较YL·Y F1体重高23.84%（P〈0.05）;云岭牛36月龄体重较普洱本地黄牛提高91.20%（P〈0.01）,与YL·Y F1的体重也有明显差距（P〈0.05）。云岭牛杂交后代的杂交优势率以18月龄最高（17.14%）,12月龄次之,初生重和6月龄重较低,分别为7.06%、1.90%和1.96%。云岭牛、YL·Y F1宰前活重、胴体重、净肉重显著高于普洱本地黄牛（P〈0.01）。三者的屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率、肉骨比、肉色、脂肪色等差异不显著（P〉0.05）。第12-13肋间眼肌面积以云岭牛最大,YL·Y F1次之,普洱本地黄牛最小,三者间差异较大（P〉0.05）。云岭牛眼肉的剪切力最低,为3.33±0.69kg.f,三者的牛肉剪切力值小于4.78kg.f,属于优质牛肉。并且,杂交优势率较高,与楚雄州、德宏州的推广应用都取得了很理想的效果。[结论]云岭牛及其杂交后代在云南南方地区表现出良好的适应性,各生长阶段的体重明显高于当地黄牛,说明云岭牛优越的种用价值,值得在云南省,乃至我国南方省区推广应用。

[Objective]This paper was to clarify the adaptability and production performances in Yunling cattle during breeding process, and to enlarge the crossbreeding scales as well as to pilot scale test and extension in different areas. [Method]Yunling bulls or frozen semen were used to cross Puer Yellow cattle to produce F1 hybrids, then the differences of production, slaughtering performances between them were measured and compared. [Results]The calving rate, survival rate, survival rate of breeding in Yunling cattle and its hybrids （YL · Y F1） were more than 86.42%, 98.28% and 84.93%, respectively, which was similar to those of Puer Yellow cattle （P〈0.05） and had strong adaptability. Birth weight of 30.89±6.74 kg in Yunling cattle increased by 78.31% than that of Puer Yellow cattle （16.92±4.57 kg）, and birth weight in YL · Y F1 increased by 41.67% than that of Puer Yellow cattle （16.92±4.57 kg） （P〈0.01）. The strong trends of body weights also presented at the ages of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months （P〈0.01）. Body weights on weaned weight in Yunling cattle increased by 71.29% than that of Puer Yellow cattle （P 〈0.01）, and by 23.84% than YL · Y F1（P〈0.05） at the age of 6 months. Body weights in Yunling cattle increased by 91.20% than that of Puer Yellow cattle （P〈0.01）, and there was significant difference of body weight between Yunling cattle and its hybrids at the age of 36 months （P〈0.05）. The heterosis rates of body weight was estimated as the highest （17.14%） at 18 month which was from Yunling cattle crossed Puer Yellow cattle, followed by the values of 7.06%, 1.90M and 1.96M at 12 month, birth and 6 month, respectively. The pre-slaughter, carcass and net meat weights in Yunling cattle and its hybrids were higher than those of Puer Yellow cattle （P〈0.01）, while there was no significant differences among the three breeds or crossing combination from the slaughtering rates, net meat rates, carcass production rates, ratio of meat and bone, meat and fat colours （P〉0.05）. Loin-eye area between 12-13th ribs presented the maximum in Yunling cattle, followed by those of YL · Y F1 and Puer Yellow cattle which all of three appeared significant differences （P〈0.05）. The shear force of rib-eye in Yunling cattle was lowest, 3.33±0.69 kg. f. All of three shear forces from breeds or crossing combination were less than 4.78 kg. f, categorized as high-quality beef. Moreover, for Yunling cattle, there were apparent heterosis rates of body weight when Yunling cattle crossed Puer Yellow cattle, which were in accordance with the previous satisfactory findings in Chuxiong and Dehong prefectures. [Conclusion] Yunling cattle and its hybrids had better adaptability in South Yunnan, of which the body weights in different growth stages were prior to those of local yellow cattle, displaying its superior breeding potential for extension in Yunnan province and the south of China.