土地交换之下的西周土地私有性考察——以金文资料为对象

On the Private Land Ownership in Western Zhou Dynasty by Investigating its Cambium Reale System Based on Bronze Inscriptions

传世文献对周代土地制度的性质展现不够明确,而出土的周代金文资料中记载的土地交换现象则比较清晰地揭示了周代土地的私有性质。结合王室衰微和宗法分封的背景,通过对土地交换现象的要素分解和对比分析,可以发现西周存在着土地交换但还并未形成完备的土地私有制度,在频繁的土地交换中,西周君王和官员始终起着一定的作用,就是说西周土地交换是在土地国有的框架内进行。尽管如此,随着土地交换的发展,土地所有权逐渐下移、原因多样化的呈现、交换程序不断简化以及交换过程中官方参与度不断减弱,不完全土地所有权向周王以下各阶层的完全土地所有权转化,西周土地制度的私有性逐渐加强,国有性式微,为后期地主土地所有制度的确立创造了条件。

It was unclear that whether the western Zhou dynasty land on earth is ＂public＂or ＂private＂. However,the inscriptions in Bronze specified that issues clearly. Based on the history materials,we found that the western Zhou dynasty didn’t form a comprehensive private land system. In the frequent land exchange process,the Kings and officials played certain roles in it,which means the land exchanged in the framework of public ownership. With the development of land exchange,the simplifying of the exchange process,the weakening of the official participants,the state ownership gave way to the construction of the private land system in the late period of Zhou dynasty.