2014年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测

CHINET 2014 surveillance of bacterial resistance in China

目的了解国内主要地区临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法国内主要地区17所教学医院(15所综合性医院、2所儿童医院)临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法按统一方案进行细菌药物敏感性试验。按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2014版标准判断结果。结果收集各医院2014年1—12月临床分离菌共78 955株,其中革兰阳性菌21 635株,占27.4%,革兰阴性菌57 320株,占72.6%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的平均检出率分别为44.6%和83.0%。甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS)。MRSA中有92.0%菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲口恶唑敏感;MRCNS中有85.6%的菌株对利福平敏感。未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(氯霉素除外)的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株,表型或基因型检测结果显示主要为VanA型、其次为VanB型或VanM型耐药。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎株成人株和儿童株中青霉素敏感株(PSSP)所占比例较2013年均有所上升,中介(PISP)和耐药(PRSP)的检出率均有所下降。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)株平均分别为55.8%、29.9%和24.0%,产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,绝大多数菌株的耐药率低于10%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占93.0%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为62.4%和66.7%。与2013年相比,肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中广泛耐药株的检出率有所上升。结论细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,多重耐药和广泛耐药菌株检出率的增加对临床抗感染治疗构成严重威胁,需及时采取有效的感控措施。

Objective To investigate the susceptibility and resistance of clinical isolates from hospitals in several regions of China .Methods Fifteen general hospitals and two children′s hospitals were involved in this program . Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby‐Bauer method or automated systems .Results were analyzed according to CLSI 2014 breakpoints .Results A total of 78 955 clinical isolates were collected from January to December 2014 ,of which gram negative organisms and gram positive cocci accounted for 72 .6% and 27 .4% ,respectively . Methicillin‐resistant strains in S .aureus（MRSA）and coagulase negative Staphylococcus（MRCNS）accounted for an average of 44 .6% and 83 .0 % ,respectively .The resistance rates of methicillin‐resistant strains to β‐lactams and other antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of methicillin‐susceptible strains .However ,92 .0% of MRSA strains were still susceptible to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole ,while 85 .6% of MRCNS strains were susceptible to rifampin .No staphylococcal strains were found resistant to vancomycin ,teicoplanin or linezolid .In Enterococcus spp .,the resistance rates of E .f aecalis strains to most tested drugs （except chloramphenicol） were much lower than those of E . f aecium .Some strains of both species were resistant to vancomycin .Vancomycin resistant strains of E . f aecalis and E . f aecium were mainly V anA ,V anB or V anM type based on their phenotype or genotype .Regarding non‐meningitis S .pneumoniae strains ,the prevalence of penicillin‐susceptible S .pneumoniae strains isolated from both adults and children were higher than those isolated in 2013 ,but the prevalence of penicillin‐intermediate S . pneumoniae or penicillin‐resistant S . pneumoniae strains decreased . The prevalence of ESBLs producingstrainswas55.8% in E.coliand29.9% in Klebsiellaspp.（K.pneumoniaeand K.oxytoca）and24.0% in Proteus mirabilis isolates on average . ESBLs‐producing Enterobacteriaceae strains were more resistant than non‐ESBLs‐producing strains in terms of antibiotic resistance rates . The strains of Enterobacteriaceae were still highly susceptible to carbapenems .Overall less than 10 % of these strains were resistant to carbapenems . About 62 .4% and 66 .7% of Acinetobacter spp .（A .baumannii accounts for 93 .0 % ） strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem ,respectively . Compared with the data of year 2013 ,extensively‐drug resistant strains in K . pneumoniae and A .baumannii increased . Conclusions The antibiotic resistance of clinical bacterial isolates is growing .The disseminated multi‐drug or pan‐drug resistant strains in a special region poses a serious threat to clinical practice and implies the importance of strengthening infection control .