云南省五个少数民族的高等教育入学机会差异分析——基于社会分层理论的视角

Research on Disparity of Access to Higher Education among Five Ethnic Minorities in Yunnan Province

通过对云南省3 511名少数民族大学生的问卷调查以及对77位高中教师和27位家长的访谈,笔者分析了彝、白、哈尼、傣、纳西族各阶层子女的高等教育机会差异。结果显示:(1)五个少数民族获得高等教育机会的总量和质量均存在差异,纳西族和白族占有明显优势,而傣族、彝族、哈尼族则处于相对不利地位,尤以哈尼族最甚;并且,院校层次越高,这种差异越明显。究其原因,在于社会阶层和族群文化这二者相互交织的影响,促使不同少数民族的入学机会差异呈现多样性;(2)同一少数民族内部,不同社会阶层子女的入学机会总量和质量均存在很大差异,优势阶层子女占有很大优势;(3)五个少数民族各阶层子女的入学机会差异不同,哈尼族各阶层子女的入学机会差异最大,纳西族最小。究其原因,在于不同少数民族内部的结构性分层有其自身的特性,哈尼族内部的社会阶层差异程度更为突出,纳西族则较小。

Based on a questionnaire of 3511 minority students from 13 universities and colleges in Yunnan province and the interviews with 77 high school teachers and 27 parents, the paper examines the disparity and causes of minorities＇ access to higher education among the Yi nationality, the Bai nationality, the Hani nationality, the Dai nationality and the Naxi nationality. The results show as follows. First, there exist significant differences of admission opportunities for higher education among five ethnic minorities. The Naxi and the Bai have the highest admission opportunities, the Dai and the Yi second, and the Hani lowest. In higher vocational colleges, the difference is smallest, in key undergraduate universities, the difference is largest. The reason is that social stratification and ethnic culture are intertwined and have influenced admission opportunities for higher education, which make the opportunities among different ethnic minorities diversify. Second, social stratification have a significant impact on admission opportunities for higher education among different ethnic minorities, the superior family stratification has more access opportunities to higher education. Third, for five ethnic minorities, the differences of admission opportunities among children from different social strata are different. The difference among children of the Hani from different social strata is largest, and the Naxi smallest.