清末保甲编制与村族社会治理——基于光绪年间徽州三种保甲册的考察

Baojia Resident Registration and Social Administration in Village Community in Late Qing Dynasty

保甲册系清代编制保甲形成的户籍文书,迄今遗存稀见。三种保甲册籍具体而微地呈现了清末徽州保甲编制实际运作和村落社会诸多实态。清末徽州保甲编制以明清以来具有村落共同体性质的图为基础,灵活编制甲、牌,藉以控制全体人户。经董、甲长、牌长一般从本图、本甲、本牌人户中择优遴选从事举业、训蒙、贸易等贤能之人充任。仆姓、寄户、客户受到聚居大族的控制和带管。在清末徽州乡村社会,宗族聚居星罗棋布,仆姓、寄户等散居不一,人口的内迁外徙持续不断。民众执业仍不出传统士农工商的范畴,明清以来经商传统得以延续。殷实之家捐纳之风盛行,并通过此途能赢得更多参与社会事务的机会。

The baojia resident booklet was document of recording the neighborhood administrative system in the Qing dynasty and the remains are rare.The three kinds of baojia resident booklets embodied the real function of neighborhood administration and real social situations of villages in Huizhou in the late Qing dynasty.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties,the unit of civil administration consisting of ten households of Huizhou in the late Qing dynasty is based on the maps with common features of villages and divided into jia and pai to control all residents.The jingdong,leader of jia and leader of pai were persons with virtue and ability selected from their own tu,jia and pai to take the examination,to teach students and to do business.The servants,lodgers and outsiders were controlled and administrated by families with many branches living together.In the rural society of Huizhou in the late Qing dynasty,patriarchal clan lived in a compact community,while the servants,lodgers and outsiders dwelled scattered and migration is frequent.In that time,the occupations are still limited in traditional solider,peasant,handicraft and trader and the traditional trading has been inherited since the Ming and Qing dynasties.The well-off families gradually increased and donation phenomena prevailed which helped to win more chances to participate in social affairs.