明初晋王朱棡事迹辨正——兼及《太祖皇帝钦录》的史料价值

Identifying and Correcting of the Stories of Zhu Gang the King of Jin in Early Ming Dynasty——Also on the Historical Value of TAIZUHUANGDIQINLU

受朱棣篡改历史的影响,《明史》、《明太祖实录》所记晋王朱棡事迹存在着讹误、曲笔和疏漏之处。《明史》说朱棡曾经多为不法,甚至有异谋,后来在太子朱标的感化下改过自新,这是接受了《奉天靖难记》、《姜氏秘史》以讹传讹的错误说法。《明太祖实录》借朱元璋之口指责朱棡"出塞不见虏而还"及"筑城劳军",有材料证明这是有意诬蔑。《太祖皇帝钦录》所反映的朱棡形象虽然缺乏戏剧性,但是最接近朱棡的真实面目。对朱棡史实的考辨之所以重要,是其反映出官方史书乃由胜利者所撰写,政治斗争的胜利者总是千方百计地美化自己,丑化敌方,因而充斥着曲笔与隐讳、篡改与捏造。这是研究中国古代史学史和古代政治史都应当注意的问题。

There were some errors, distortions and omissions on the stories of Zhu Gang the King of Jin in MINGSHI and MINGTAIZUSHILU, for Zhu Di had asked someone to falsify historical records in them. According the records of MINGSHI, Zhu Gang broke the law time and again, even plotted treason, and he was later reclaimed by Zhu Biao the crown prince and turned over a new leaf. These are erroneous stories from FENGTIANJINGNANJI and JIANGSHIMISHI. According to MINGTAIZUSHILU, Zhu Yuanzhang critieized Zhu Gang for returning from border without meeting any enemy and wore soldiers down for building city, but it proved to be calumniate. The stories of Zhu Gang in TAIZUHUANGDIQINLU are the truest, though they＇ re simple and unadorned. Identifying and correcting of the stories of Zhu Gang should not be underestimated, for it illustrates that official histories were written according to the will of rulers and the victors of political struggles always try to prettify themselves and smear opponents. The researchers who study Chinese historiography and political history of ancient China should pay more attention to it.