独立与权利:中美女性主义运动与性别平等观念比较研究

Independence and Rights:A Comparative Study of the Chinese and American Feminist Movements and Gender Equality

本文利用"世界价值观调查"的数据比较了20世纪末中美两国性别平等观念的差异后发现,两国性别平等观念的差异并不表现为平等化程度的高低,而是观念模式的不同,中国社会的分工平等意识强于美国,但权利平等意识弱于美国。本文认为,20世纪中后期的女性主义运动以性别平等为目标,对人们的性别平等观念有重要影响。中美性别平等观念模式的差异与两国女性主义运动所提出的共识框架不同有关。在此基础上,本文进一步比较了二者在动员机制上的差异及其对性别平等观念形成的影响。结果发现,那些在美国能够影响性别平等观念形成的微观机制在中国却难以发挥作用,这是因为,中国妇女解放运动能够借助于国家社会主义体制,将性别平等观念渗透到整个社会,而美国女权运动的动员却没有这样的优势,人们因此有较多的选择空间。

This study compares the difference of views on gender between America and China. Interestingly, the difference in opinions necessarily correspond to the difference in reality. China displays stronger sense of gender equality in labor division while America equality does not a much shows a stronger commitment to gender equality in rights. In our view, two countries have their own unique history and social conditions, which led to the two feminist movements with own different emphasis-China on economic independence and America on equal gender rights. Both the ＂independence＂ framework and the ＂right＂ framework helped shaping two diverse concepts of gender equality. With this understanding, the paper makes a further comparison on the different mobilization mechanism between the two feminist movements and its impact on gender equality. The micro-mobilization mechanism that worked well in influencing gender equality in America would not have the same effectiveness in China. This is because in China feminist ideology was sponsored and diffused through the state system in people＇s everyday activities. Thus, the official interpretation of gender equality replaced individual initiatives. This is not the situation in America where feminist movements had the space to develop their more individualized views on gender equality.