“从未有过的年代”:基辛格“欧洲年”计划中的美英外交考察

"The Year That Never Came":A Study of Anglo-American Diplomacy and Kissinger's "Year of Europe"

1973年美国尼克松政府推出"欧洲年"计划,旨在利用军事优势和外交手腕消弭欧洲一体化可能对自身霸权构成的威胁。在推行该计划的过程中,基辛格企图利用"联系"原则与英美"特殊关系"迫使欧共体就范。但事与愿违,美国的外在挑战反而激活了欧洲的政治一体化进程,后者据理力争,第一次"用一个声音讲话",对美国的计划进行了大力抵制。虽然在英国的斡旋下,美欧原本有望在实施"欧洲年"计划上达成妥协,但第四次中东战争与能源危机的爆发深化了美欧矛盾,并使"欧洲年"计划变成"一纸难以兑现的账单"。尽管如此,由于难以改变防务上依赖美国的局面,欧共体国家不得不作出让步。而一度对欧共体寄予厚望的英国亦因深感无力改变法国主导欧共体的局面而重返大西洋主义轨道。

In 1973,the Nixon government put forward a 'Year of Europe' scheme,intending to use military advantage and diplomatic tactics to eliminate the threat to US hegemony presented by the European Community.As the scheme was being rolled out,Kissinger tried to use the principle of ' links' and the Anglo-American ' special relationship' to make the European Community toe the line,but only achieved the reverse effect:the external American challenge hastened the political integration of Europe.The European Community presented strong arguments and for the first time 'spoke with one voice',vigorously resisting the US idea.With Britain as mediator,it had been thought that the US and Europe could reach a compromise on the 'Year of Europe',but in fact the clash between them escalated with the outbreak of the fourth Middle East War and the energy crisis,making the 'Year of Europe' a 'bill that could not be honored.' However,the fact that they were accustomed to relying on the US in defense matters meant that the members of the European Community still had to yield ground.Britain that had once had high expectations of the European Community,finding that it could not change France's leading position there,returned to the Atlantic alliance.