湖泊湿地生态服务监测指标与监测方法

Monitoring indicators and methods for lake wetland ecosystem services

湖泊湿地生态系统为人类提供了维持生存发展的多种生态系统服务,是社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。然而,全国范围内的湖泊湿地资源被大量开发利用,极大地削弱了湖泊湿地提供生态系统服务的能力,人类自身福祉也受到严重威胁。开展湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态监测能减少生态系统服务重复计算、推动生态系统服务管理实践。本文在分析湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测必要性的基础上,探讨了湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测指标选取的原则和思路,并初步构建了适宜于我国湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态评估、权衡分析和生态生产函数构建的最终服务和生态特征监测指标体系。最终服务是与人类效益有直接关联的生态功能量,生态特征指标是产生生态系统最终服务的关键指标,主要包括生态结构、生态过程和生态功能指标。供给服务和文化服务一般是最终服务,而调节服务既可以是中间服务(生态功能)又可以是最终服务,支持服务是中间服务(生态过程)。针对调节服务和文化服务评估的困难性及调节服务的重复计算问题,本研究提出通过宏观监测(3S技术监测)和典型湖泊湿地定位监测相结合的多尺度湖泊湿地生态系统服务监测方法,构建湿地监测项目开展生态系统最终服务和生态特征指标数据监测。本研究对构建生态生产函数、开展湖泊湿地生态系统服务动态评估和权衡分析具有重要意义,是生态系统服务从认知走向管理实践的重要基础。

Lake wetlands provide humans with a great diversity of ecosystem services which are necessary for maintaining basic human needs and sustaining development in China. However, lake wetland resources nationwide are under great exploitation and utilization, which are signifi- cantly impairing the capacity of lake wetlands to provide the diversity of ecosystem services neces- sary to support human well-being. Implementing dynamic lake wetland ecosystem services monito- ring can help minimize ecosystem services double-counting and promote ecosystem services man- agement practices. In this paper, we identified the necessary requirements for lake wetland eco- system services monitoring and then analyzed the principles and perspectives for selecting monito- ring indicators to measure lake wetland ecosystem services. We present a set of ecosystem services monitoring indicators （including final ecosystem services and relevant ecosystem characteristics） to advance dynamic ecosystem services valuation, trade-offs analyses, and the creation of ecologi- cal production functions in China. Final ecosystem services are biophysical outcomes which are of obvious and clear relevance to human well-being. Ecosystem characteristics are attributes of eco-systems measured as ecosystem structures, processes, and functions. Provisioning and cultural services are often final services while most regulating （i.e., ecosystem functions） and supporting services （i.e., ecosystem processes） are intermediate services. In order to overcome the signifi- cant challenge in credible evaluation of regulating and cultural services, and double-counting in valuing regulating services, we propose scientists focus on establishing a lake wetland monitoring program to measure final ecosystem service indicators and relevant ecosystem characteristics metrics as a first step. We also discuss how to combine macro-monitoring and local monitoring methods to monitor lake wetland ecosystem services across multiple scales. Our study is important to help acquire the necessary data to create ecological production functions to improve efforts on economic valuation by revealing the dynamic change of ecosystem services, and to effectively quantify the trade-offs among different stakeholders. Monitoring programs are critical to moving lake wetland ecosystem services from scientific theory into management practices.