东非被动大陆边缘盆地结构构造差异与油气勘探

Structural architecture difference and petroleum exploration of passive continental margin basins in east Africa

基于板块构造理论,通过研究地震、地质及相关文献资料,恢复东非被动大陆边缘主要地质时期原型盆地及岩相古地理,开展盆地结构构造特征及其沉积充填差异分析,结合已发现的15个油气藏解剖,建立3种成藏模式,探讨该区有利成藏组合及下一步勘探方向。东非被动大陆边缘盆地群历经晚石炭世—三叠纪卡鲁(Karoo)期陆内夭折裂谷、侏罗纪陆内—陆间裂谷及白垩纪以来的被动大陆边缘盆地3个原型阶段,各个盆地裂谷层系普遍发育,受拗陷期沉积充填厚度大小影响,形成"断陷型"、"断坳型"和"三角洲改造型"3类被动陆缘盆地:"断陷型"拗陷期沉积最大厚度小于3 000 m,形成"单源-构造型"成藏模式,勘探方面以寻找裂谷层系顶部发育的大型构造类圈闭为主;"断坳型"拗陷期沉积最大厚度大于5 000 m,形成"双源-双组合型"成藏模式,勘探方面以上、中斜坡大型滑动—滑塌—碎屑流沉积砂体为目标;"三角洲改造型"拗陷期沉积最大厚度大于6 000 m且发育高建设性三角洲,从岸向海形成独特生长断裂、泥底辟、逆冲推覆、前渊缓坡四大构造带,形成"三源-多组合型"成藏模式,其四大构造带均可形成大型油气田。

Based on the plate tectonic theory, and by studying seismic, geologic data and related documents, this study restored the proto-type basins and lithofacies paleogeography of East African passive margin basins in the major geological periods, and carried out analysis on the basin architecture characteristics and sedimentary filling variance. Based on the dissection of fifteen reservoirs, three hydrocarbon accumulation models were identified to find out favorable plays and the further exploration direction in this region. The East African passive continental margin basins experienced three prototype stages, Late Carboniferous-Triassic Karoo intercontinental failed rifts, Jurassic intercontinental-intracontinental rifts, and passive continental margins since the Cretaceous. The rift sequences are developed in all the basins, forming the ＂rift type＂, ＇rift depression type＂ and ＂delta reconstruction type＂ passive continental margin basins in line with the different thicknesses of the sediment fillings during the depression period. In the ＂rift type＂ basins, the sediment thickness during the depression period was less than 3 000 m, forming ＂single source - structure type＂ hydrocarbon accumulation model, where the exploration direction will mainly focus on giant structural traps on the top of the rift sequences. In the ＂fanlt-depression type＂ basins, the sediment thickness during the depression period was more than 5 000 m, forming ＂double sources - double combinations type＂ hydrocarbon accumulation model, where the exploration direction will mainly focus on giant slip-collapse-debris flow deposits on the top and middle of the slope. In the ＂delta-reconstruction type＂ sediment basins, the thickness is more than 6 000 m, forming constructional delta deposits with four structural belts from onshore to offshore, unique growth faults, mud diapirs, thrust faults and fore deep gentle slope, which are named as ＂three sources - multi-combinations type＂ hydrocarbon accumulation model, and all the four structural belts can form giant oil and gas fields.