“长城-天山”商路与近代中国国家建构的东西轴线——兼对拉铁摩尔的“区域研究法”的探讨与应用

East-west Axis between“Great Wall-Tianshan”Commercial Route and National Construction in Early——Modern China and Probe and Application of Lattimore's “Regional Research Approach”

作为观察中国历史变迁的一种整体性的空间视角,拉铁摩尔提出的"区域研究法"是以战略区与经济区关系整合为切入点。在处理俄国与内亚的问题方面,必须使清朝动员举国上下的力量,以经济区支援战略区,促使"长城-天山"之间沿线区域关系的新发展,形成"长城-天山"商路,不仅标志内地与天山南北的经济联系进一步加强,而且也反映了国家命运开始从运河方向的南北轴向转为"天山-长城"东西轴向的摆动,这一商路的兴衰变迁,成为观察这一历史过程的重要"晴雨表"。以往在"海国"为参照的民族主义话语下,"陆疆"危机深重,淡化了清朝原来处理长城南北关系(蒙、汉关系,中俄关系)这一语义,却替换不了"天山-长城"东西轴线在中国国家空间建构中发挥的关键作用,中国现代国家建设必须兼顾海洋和内陆方向的双重经验。

As a spatial perspective as a whole for observation of Chinese history shift,＂regional research approach＂put by Latimore starts from integrated relation between strategic and economic zones. In the settlement of problems between Russia and inner Asia,the Qing imperial court was urged to develop ＂Great Wall-Tianshan＂commercial route,which signifies not only better economic ties between inner-land and Xinjiang but mirrors shift for national fate from south-north axis in Grand Cannal direction to east-west axis in Tianshan-Great Wall direction. The rise and fall of such a commercial route became an important ＂barometer＂in the course of history. Under national discourse with previous ＂sea country＂as a reference,＂land territory＂ crisis got worse and toned down the implication of relation across the Great Wall handled previously by the Qing imperial court（relation between China and Mongolia and that bteween China and Russia）, never substitution for a key role played by east-west axis by ＂Tianshan-Great Wall in China＇s national spatial construction. China needs to take into account experience from both ocean and land in constructing a modern country.