罪责反省:克服过去的新生之路

Self-Examination of One's Guilt:A New Life Path that Overcomes the Past

第二次世界大战后,对战争历史进行反省,清算战争罪责成为世界和平与稳定的一大焦点问题。作为战后德国最优秀的政治—道德哲学著作,雅斯贝尔斯的《罪责问题:关于德国的政治责任》(1946)一书,在对刑事罪责、政治罪责、道德罪责与形而上学罪责四种罪责的区分及其关联性进行系统论述的基础上,一方面回击了全盘否定整个德国民族和德国民族精神史的舆论倾向,避免因追究战争罪责导致对整个民族的彻底否定;另一方面批判了战后初期德国人对"集体罪责"的抵触情绪,批判了以不问政治、缺乏责任感、盲目服从权威为特征的德国传统政治文化,敦促每个德国人深刻反省、承担起作为共同体成员的共同责任,从而为德国实现政治新生奠定坚实的政治—道德基础。雅斯贝尔斯的《罪责问题:关于德国的政治责任》等一系列政治—道德著作,不仅为战后德国反省罪责,实现政治—道德转变提供了强大的精神动力,也为其他国家反思纳粹意识形态,开展历史文化教育,走上自由、民主、和平的发展道路提供了范例。

After the Second World War,reflection upon the history of war and the attribution of war guilt became an important focal issue for world peace and stability.The Question of German Guilt(1946) by Karl Jaspers,the best postwar monograph on political and ethical philosophy,distinguishes between four kinds of guilt:criminal,political,moral and metaphysical,and systematically discusses their interconnections.On this basis,he rebuts the trend in public opinion of wholesale rejection of the German nation and its spiritual history,avoiding the total repudiation of an entire nation due to the attribution of war guilt.At the same time,he criticizes the German resentment,in the early postwar period,of 'collective guilt,' animadverts on the traditional German political culture with its indifference to politics,lack of sense of responsibility and blind obedience to authority,and urges all Germans to reflect profoundly on their actions and accept common guilt as members of the community,thus laying a firm political-moral foundation for Germany to achieve a new political life.Jasper's series of political-moral works,including The Question of German Guilt,not only provides a strong spiritual impetus for postwar Germany's reflection on German guilt and its realization of a political-moral transformation,but also offers an example for other countries' thinking about Nazi ideology,carrying out education on history and culture,and taking a developmental road of freedom,democracy and peace.