数量表达方式的类型学考察

Expression Ways of the Nominal and Verbal Quantity: A Typological Perspective

中国境内少数民族语言的名量表达方式主要有8种,动量表达方式主要有9种。它们在不同语系、不同语序类型的语言中呈现出了不同的分布特征。各数量表达方式的要素之间存在多种对应分布的规律。数量短语在汉藏语系语言中呈互补分布,在阿尔泰语系则位于中心词的同侧。能用数词直接与名词或动词组合表示数量概念的语言,数词与数量短语的分布表现出了高度的一致性:如果一种语言中数词位于名词或动词的左侧,那么这种语言中的数量短语也位于名词或动词的左侧,这在一定程度上表明"数+量+名"式是由"数+名"式发展而来、"数+量+动"式是由"数+动"式发展而来的。"拷贝型名量"主要存在于用"名+数+量"式表示名量的语言中,"拷贝型动量"的存在则与其他动量表达方式并无必然的联系。拷贝型量词的句法位置与所在语言名量表达方式和动量表达方式是一致的。

There are 8 ways to express the nominal-quantity in Chinese minority languages, and 9 expression ways in verbal-quantity. Their distributive features are different in languages of different families and different word order. Some elements of the structure are correlated with each other. Numerals or numeral ＋ classifier and verbal ＋ classifier are complementary distribution in the Sino-Tibetan family, but locate in the same side of Noun and Verb in Altaic Languages. Generally, if numeral is located in the left side of a noun, then numeral ＋ classifier is also located in the left side. Such facts provide evidence for the historical language change that the construction of numeral ＋ classifier ＋ noun is originated from numeral ＋ noun. The same facts and developing rules exist in verbal-quantity. The copied nominal classifiers mainly occur in the languages which have the construction of noun ＋ numeral ＋ classifier, but it seems that the existence of copied verbal classifiers has nothing to do with other expression ways of verbal-quantity. The distribution of copied classifier is consistent with the classifiers in its language.