自然目的何以可能?——康德关于自然目的判断的认识论向度

How Natural Purpose is Possible?——On Epistemological Dimension of Kant's Argument of Natural Purpose

康德在第一批判的"先验辨证论附录"中指出,经验知识具有出自理性本性的合目的性要求,即知识的系统统一性,这是一条按照"理性的建筑术"的先验道路;与之相反,判断力完全能够以反思的方式经验性地追溯知识的系统统一——"技术的统一性"。由此开出目的论判断力批判的坦途:自然合目的性属于判断力,而非理性;自然目的是关于有机体之内在合目的性的评判结论。自然目的概念以完善性为指引,以"自然的技艺"作为判断力的反思原理,承诺了一种基于人类知性的"先天综合"。

Kant, in the Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic of the First Critique, indicated that empirical knowledge possesses a claim of purpo- siveness originating from nature of reason, that is systematic unity of knowledge, which is a transcendental road according to ＂Architectonic of Pure Reason＂; on the contrary, judgment can completely pursue the systematic unity of knowledge experiencedly by reflection ＂Unity of technic＂, from where starts out the direction of Critique of Teleological judgment： Natural purposiveness belongs not to reason but to judgment; and the concept of natural purpose is an outcome of judgment regarding intrinsic purposiveness of organism. With the guidance of perfection and ＂technic of nature＂ as the reflective principle of judgment, the concept of natural purpose makes a commitment of a priori synthesis based on human understanding.