马克思著作中的“人”--基于马克思思想发展的概念史考察

The Concepts of “Mensch”“Individual” and “Person” in Karl Marx—— Text Studies Based on the Development of Marx's Ideas

"人"是马克思主义哲学研究中的一个焦点问题,然而,对于马克思著作中不同的"人"的术语辨析并不多见。基于"人本主义"和"以人为本"的讨论,并受"市民社会"和"物化"研究的直接影响,回到马克思的原初文本中去,可以发现,存在"人类""个人""人格"三个含义和用法都迥然不同的概念。"人类"的主要特征是"感性""对象性"的存在。这一主要得自费尔巴哈的概念,构成了马克思青年时期"主谓颠倒"黑格尔的出发点。在从"私有财产"批判推进政治经济学研究的过程中,马克思确定了新的理论出发点,即从包含着关系维度的现实的"个人"出发,在物质生产方式中说明人类社会的结构和历史规律。在此基础上,"人格"概念在政治经济学批判中获得了新的含义,资本主义"物化"现实中发生的"人格"关系颠倒呈现为"物象"关系。简言之,马克思对强调"感性"的"人类"、包含关系的"个人"、与"物象"直接对应的"人格"三个范畴的使用方式及其转变,既体现了马克思历史唯物主义的不同理论维度和指向,也反映了马克思在科学历史观的创立和深化过程中所进行的有意识的思考和选择。对于马克思著作中概念术语的考察,不仅应强调原文的勘对,更应注重思想史语境和理论"述行"方式的辨析。

＂Human＂ is a key word in Marxist philosophy studies, but there were tew considerations on the different terms of ＂human＂ in Marx＇s texts. Starting from the studies of ＂humanism＂ and ＂people oriented＂ opinion, and illuminated by the studies on ＂civil society＂ and ＂reification＂, it is to be found that there were three different words ＂mensch＂, ＂individual＂ and ＂person＂, in Karl Marx. Young Marx＇s understandings of ＂mensch＂ came from Feuerbach, and he viewed this kind of perceptual and objectified being as the starting point of the humanist materialism, which is the reversion of Hegel＇s idealism. When he tried to expand Feuerbaeh＇s theory with the critique of private property, Marx posited the new theoretical premise in his studies on political economy, which is the real ＂individual＂, including social relations in it and unfolding the mode of production as the explanation of social history. Based on this, ＂person＂ got its new meanings in Marx＇s critique of political economy - the relations among ＂person＂ were appeared as the relation among ＂saehe＂ upside-down. It could be concluded that, Marx＇s employments of ＂menseh＂, ＂individual＂ and ＂person＂ showed the different dimensions within historical materialism, and the complex process of Marx＇s theoretical exploration. We therefore have to search the significances of Marx＇s key words not only in his texts, but also in the historical context of ideas and the philosopher＇s ＂performative＂ mode.