清代华北平原灾害赈粮调度数量的时空变化

Temporal and spatial variation of the amount of relief grain scheduling in the North China Plain in the Qing Dynasty

历史时期政府主持的赈粮调度是水旱灾害背景下社会响应体系中的重要环节,相关研究可为当前及未来应对气候变化及极端事件提供借鉴。以清代华北平原和政府赈粮调度为研究区和研究对象,根据《清实录》中的记载重建华北平原的赈粮数量序列,并结合水旱灾害对赈粮强度进行评价。结果表明,清赈粮调度在时间上存在显著的阶段性变化,可以分为空白期、发展期、兴盛期、衰落期、回升及消亡期;空间差异亦很显著,直隶省获得的赈粮数量超过总数的一半,其后依次为山东、苏北、豫东和皖北;考虑大灾站次,直隶和苏北在赈粮强度方面较为突出。赈粮数量的时空差异,受国家财政状况好坏、区域政治地位高低以及距离大运河等交通干线远近等因素的综合影响。

The governmental relief grain scheduling formed a major part of the social response to flood and drought disasters in Chinese history. Research on it might provide successful experience and instructive lessons for the adaptation to climate change and extreme events in the present and future. Based on the historical record about governmental relief grain scheduling kept in the Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty, the annual series of the amount of relief grain allocated to the North China Plain during 1644- 1911 was reconstructed, and the temporal and spatial variation of relief grain scheduling was analyzed together with flood/drought occurring in the corresponding period. It＇s found that： 1） 5 stages could be verified in the time-series, including blank stage, developing stage, flourishing stage, declining stage, and reviving ＆ perishing stage; 2） the amount of relief grain allocated to Zhili had exceeded 50% of the total, followed by Shandong, northern Jiangsu, eastern Henan and northern Anhui, and the intensity of relief grain scheduling in Zhili and northern Jiangsu was above the average in the North China Plain; 3） the temporal and spatial variation of relief grain was influenced by financial situation of the central government, the political status of each area, and the distance to the transportation artery （the Grand Canal）.