明清时期土司地方治理特征的研究——以忻城莫氏土司为例

Local Governance Characteristics of Tusi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties——Taking Moshi Tusi in Xincheng for Example

土司既是中央王朝任命的地方官,又是本宗族的族长,所以在地方治理中具有国家力量参与治理与宗族力量参与治理两大特征,二者内外结合构成了土司地方治理的基础。国家力量通过土司执行中央王朝的命令、流官参与土司政权、国家武力平息土司区叛乱三种方式参与土司地方治理,宗族力量则通过土司任命本宗族子弟为各级土目的方式在地方上形成了以血缘关系为纽带的治理体系。此外,作为少数民族政权的土司在治理的过程中还保留着独有的民族特色。

Tusi is not only the local official, appointed by the governor, but also is the head of the clan. So its local governance has two features： state power into governance and clan forces into governance. The internal and external combination of the two parts constitutes the basis of local governance of Tusi. State power participates in the local governance of Tusi in three ways： the chieftains execute the orders from the central dynasty, the flow of officials are involved in the Tusi regime, and state forces quell the rebellions in the Tusi areas. Clan forces form the administration system revolving around nepotism in which the chieftains appoint the elan children as Tumu of all levels. In addition, Tusi, as the minority regime, still remains the unique national characteristics in the process of the management.