金朝后妃封号与选纳制度探析

Research on systems about granted title and selection of empress and imperial concubine in Jin Dynasty

金朝建国前自昭祖开始,后妃群体已处萌芽阶段。金建国初期,已出现后妃封号制度雏形。熙宗朝为后妃封号与品级制度初步建设时期。海陵王、世宗、章宗三朝,后妃封号与等级制度逐步确立与完善。宣宗与哀宗时期,妃嫔封号与等级制度呈现颓势并逐步衰败。金帝后妃的选纳途径大致可以划分为四种,即为世婚选纳、收继承纳、各阶层采纳、被俘收纳。皇后基本是通过世婚途径选纳,皇后之下诸妃嫔的采选则相对宽泛。金朝后妃主要以出身名门贵族且有姿德者为主,这些女性在被选纳入宫前生活优渥,被选纳入宫后伴随着获得一定的封号和品级,政治地位大幅提升。

The group of impress and imperial concubine is in the nascent stage since the period of Emperor Zhao Zu before the establishment of Jin Dynasty.Since the early years of Jin Dynasty,the rudiment of system about granted title has already appeared for impress and imperial concubine.The empresses title and grade system has taken shape initially in the period of Xi Zong,established and improved in the periods of Lord Hailing、Shi Zong and Zhang Zong,declined and gradually decayed in the period of Xuan Zong and Ai Zong.There are four selective ways for impress and imperial concubine,namely hereditary marriage、inheritance acceptance、classes selection、captive acceptance.The empress is mainly selected by hereditary marriage,while the way of selection for imperial concubines is relatively broad.