miRNA在肿瘤分子诊断和治疗中的研究进展

Progress in the Research of miRNA on Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy

微小RNA（miRNA）是一类真核生物内源性、长18~25个核苷酸的小分子单链RNA,能够通过与靶mRNA特异性的碱基互补配对引起靶mRNA的降解或者翻译抑制,miRNA调节的紊乱将对细胞产生重要的影响。在肿瘤中,抑癌性miRNA的缺失会增加其靶向致癌基因的表达,而致癌miRNA（被称为oncomirs）的升高能够降低其靶向肿瘤抑制基因的表达。这一认识使得应用靶向致癌性miRNA与恢复抑癌性miRNA的功能来治疗肿瘤成为可能。随着临床研究的不断深入,miRNA不断为肿瘤分子诊断和治疗提供新的思路和治疗手段。

miRNA are a class of endogenous single-stranded small molecule RNA within eukaryotes,about18 ~ 26 nucleotide,which can trigger the target mRNA degradation or translational repression of target mRNA through specific complementary base pairing. miRNA dysregulation can have profound cellular consequences. In cancer,the loss of tumour-suppressive miRNAs enhances the expression of target oncogenes,whereas increased expression of oncogenic miRNAs（ known as oncomirs） can repress target tumour suppressor genes. This realization has resulted in a promotion to comprehend the feasibility of targeting oncogenic miRNAs and restoring tumour-suppressive miRNAs for cancer therapy. In conclusion,with the deepening of clinical studies in miRNA,new ideas and methods are provided for molecular diagnostics and cancer therapy.