我国不同产品认证体系农产品产地环境标准的比较

Comparative Study on Environmental Standards for Agricultural Production in Different Product Certification Systems in China

产地环境对农产品质量具有重要而直接的作用,不同作物类型、不同质量管理体系都对农产品的产地环境提出了不同要求。应用比较研究的方法,从标准的分布状况、环境要素检测指标体系以及检测指标的限值3个方面入手,系统分析了我国国家标准以及行业标准中对普通农产品、绿色食品、无公害食品和有机产品产地环境的要求,明确了3种体系农产品产地环境检测指标的异同。结果表明:无公害食品产地环境标准数量最多,涉及农作物门类齐全,标准级别系列完备,绿色食品标准较少,有机产品尚无专门针对产地环境的标准,而是采用一般农产品标准;对产地环境要求的严格程度比较而言,绿色食品最高,无公害食品次之,有机产品/一般农产品最低;进一步对环境3要素的比较结果显示,3种体系对土壤质量的要求差异最大,灌溉水质量次之,对空气质量的要求差异最小。探讨了当前标准制定中存在的检测指标名称和单位不统一、不同标准间的衔接性差以及有机产品产地环境等问题,以期为我国正在进行的有机产品产地环境优势区域划分以及各类农产品产地环境标准的修订提供参考。

Environmental quality of a place is an important factor that directly affects quality of the agricultural produce therefrom. Different standards for environmental quality are adopted for different crops and different quality management systems in China. A comparative study was performed to systematically analyze the criteria set in the national standards and trade standards for environmental quality for the production of general agricultural produce, green food, pollution?free agri?cultural product, and organic product, from three aspects i. e. distribution of standards, environment factors detection in?dex systems and limit values of detection indices, and specify similarities of and differences between the environmental quality test index systems for producing areas of the three types of agricultural produce. Results show that for pollution?free agricultural product producing areas, the criteria for environmental quality are the most in number, covering a complete in?ventory of agricultural produce and all criterion levels;for green food producing areas, there are not so many criteria;and for organic product producing areas, no specific criteria have been set yet, and the criteria for producing general agricultur?al products are used. In terms of strictness, the criteria for green food are the highest and followed by those for pollution?free agricultural product and then those for organic product (as general agricultural produce). Further comparison of the three important environmental factors in requirement of the three systems shows that soil quality is the most important fac?tor, for which the requirements varied sharply between the three systems, irrigation water quality comes next and air quali?ty the last in variation of requirement. In the end some problems existing currently in standard formulation are discussed, i. e. lack of uniform names and units for environmental indices, incompatibility of the standards, and absence of specific en?vironmental criteria for organic product producing areas. The study was conducted in the hope that the findings will serve as reference for the on?going zoning of organic product producing areas in the light of environmental superiority and revision of the environmental standards for producing areas of the three types of agricultural produce.