城市化背景下北京“三山五园”地区文化遗产保护研究

A Study on “Three Hills and Five Gardens” Area in Beijing on Cultural Heritage Under Urbanization

北京西北近郊自然条件优越,三面环山,历史上地下水丰富,并且常年有泉水涌出,自然风景优美曾经吸引着封建统治阶级来此办公居住,曾经形成了大面积的皇家园林集锦区,同时还吸引大量的名人、官宦、百姓到此郊游、定居,留下许多王公贵族的赐园、私家宅园、寺庙、名人故居等,从而成为仅次于北京紫禁城的第二个政治中心。从金中都北京定都伊始,到后来元明清北京城的发展,再到新中国成立后——这800多年来"三山五园"地区见证了北京城的建城发展历史,形成了以园林文化为主,名人、寺庙、墓葬、八旗、农耕等多元文化的复合体。然而,近代随着北京快速城市化,中心城区"摊大饼"式的发展模式,紧邻城区的"三山五园"地区受到了城市建设和旅游发展的巨大威胁和压力。本文将以北京"三山五园"地区为典型案例,探讨中国特殊城市化背景下文化遗产保护面临的威胁与挑战,望能对更科学的保护文化遗产有所裨益。

Northwest suburb to Beijing has superior natural environment surrounded by mountains. Researches have shown abundant groundwater in the history and springs gush all year round. The natural environment used to attract emperors to li^e and work here which formed a large area of the imperial gardens. Meanwhile, it also attracts a ~ot of celebrities, officials and common people to visit and settle here leaving a number of noble gardens, private residence gardens, temple, celebrities residences, etc, thus it become the second political center besides the Forbidden City. For 800 years, three hills and five gardens have witnessed Beijing＇ s development from establishing Beijing as capital, through Yuan and Ming dynasty till now it has formed a multicukural area based on gardens, celebrities residences, temples, tombs, homes of eight banners, and farmlands. However, with rapid urbanization in Beijing, ＂three hills and five gardens ＂ has been threatened by urban construction and tourism development. This article will take ＂three hitls and five gardens＂ in Beijing area as the typical case, Discuss threats and challenges of cultural heritage protection under the special background of chinese urbanization, Hope can help to protect cultural heritage more scientific.