清雍正朝乌蒙、镇雄土司“改流”动因考——兼论清朝“改土归流”之实质

On the Motivation of Bureaucratization of Native Tusi Officers in Wumeng and Zhenxiong Regions under Emperor Yongzheng's Rule of Qing Dynasty——On the Essence of Bureaucratization of Native Officers in the Qing Dynasty

雍正朝对乌蒙、镇雄土司的"改流"是在特殊地域与特殊局势下的一次特殊战略决策。其背后的动因是为了清除漠西蒙古对乌蒙、镇雄土司的裹挟,防范西南土司倒戈,威胁清廷统治。与之同时进行的西南其他区域的"改土归流",是雍正皇帝战略决策的有机组成部分和清廷加强对西南地区直接管理的表现。所以清朝"改土归流"的实质,不是要对西南土司进行大规模裁撤,更非废除土司制度,而是一场军事战略决策与特殊事件引发的对西南地方行政设置的变动。

Bureaucratization of native officers in Wumeng and Zhenxiong Regions under Emperor Yongzheng＇s rule of Qing Dynasty is a special strategy in a special region andunder special situation.The motivation of it is to eliminate threatens from Mongolia in the western Gobi desert and prevent Tusi rebellion in the southwestern regions.Bureaucratization of native officers in other southwestern regions at the same time is part of Emperor Yongzheng＇s strategy to strengthen Qing Dynasty＇s rule in these regions.Essentially,bureaucratization is not meant to dissolve the native officers in a large scale,nor to abolish Tusi system,but to change the local administration in the southwestern regions militarily and strategically.